See also:

• HECATE (Gr. 'EKa-rrl, " she who works from afar "1)

HECATE (Gr. 'EKa-rrl, " she who See also:

• WORKS

works from afar "1)  , a goddess in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology . According to the generally accepted view, she is of Hellenic origin, but Farnell regards her as a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign importation from See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of Bendis, with whom See also:

• HECATE (Gr. 'EKa-rrl, " she who works from afar "1)

Hecate has many points in See also:

• COMMON

common . She is not mentioned in the Iliad or the Odyssey, but in See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod (Theogony, 409) she is the daughter of the Titan Perses and Asterie, in a passage which may be a later See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation by the Orphists (for other genealogies see Steuding in See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher's Lexikon) . She is there represented as a mighty goddess, having See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea; hence she is the bestower of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and all the blessings of daily See also:

• LIFE

life . The range of her See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence is most varied, extending to See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, athletic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, the tending of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people and the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts . Hecate is frequently identified with See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis, an See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification usually justified by the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that both were See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon-goddesses . Farnell, who regards Artemis as originally an earth-goddess, while recognizing a " genuine lunar See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element " in Hecate from the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, considers her a chthonian rather than a lunar divinity (see also Warr in Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, ix . 39o) . He is of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that neither borrowed much from, nor exercised much influence on, the cult and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the other . Hecate is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief goddess who presides over magic arts and spells, and in this connexion she is the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of the sorceresses See also:

• CIRCE (Gr. Kiprcrl)

Circe and See also:

• MEDEA (Gr. Mi/Seta)

Medea . She is constantly invoked, in the well-known idyll (ii.) of See also:

• THEOCRITUS

Theocritus, in the See also:

• INCANTATION

incantation to bring back a woman's faithless See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover . As a chthonian power, she is worshipped at the Samothracian mysteries, and is closely connected with See also:

• DEMETER

Demeter .

Alone of the gods besides Helios, she witnessed the See also:

• ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away)

abduction of Persephone, and, See also:

• TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. tortia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist)

torch in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand (a natural See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol for the moon's See also:

• LIGHT

light, but see Farnell), assisted Demeter in her See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for her daughter . On moonlight nights she is seen at the See also:

• CROSS

cross-roads (hence her name rptoarts, See also:

• LAT

Lat . Trivia) accompanied by the See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs of the See also:

• STYX

Styx and crowds of the dead . Here, on the last See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, eggs and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish were offered to her . See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black puppies and she-See also:

• LAMBS

lambs (black victims being offered to chthonian deities) were also sacrificed (Schol. on Theocritus ii . 12) . Pillars like the See also:

• HERMAE

Hermae, called Hecataea, stood, especially in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens at cross-roads and doorways, perhaps to keep away the See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of evil . Like Artemis, . Hecate is also a goddess of fertility, presiding especially over the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and the youth of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals, and over human birth and See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . She also attends when the soul leaves the See also:

• BODY

body at See also:

• DEATH

death, and is found near See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, and on the See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth, where the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was formerly buried . It is to be noted that Hecate plays little or no See also:

• PART

part in mythologicIl See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend . Her See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship seems to have flourished. especially in the wilder parts of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, such as See also:

• SAMOTHRACE (Turk. Semadrek)

Samothrace and See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly, in See also:

• CARIA

Caria and on the coasts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor .

In Greece proper it prevailed on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and especially in See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina, where her aid was invoked against madness . In older times Hecate is represented as single-formed, clad in 1 J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, in Classical Review, iii. p . 416, suggests that the name means " See also:

• DOG

dog," against which see J . H . Vince, ib. iv. p . 47 . G . C . Warr, ib. ix . 39o, takes the Hesiodic Hecate to be a moon-goddess, daughter of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus .

a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long robe, holding burning torches; later she becomes triformis, " triple-formed," with three bodies See also:

• STANDING

standing back to back—corresponding, according to those who regard her as a moon-goddess, to the new, the full and the waning moon . In her six hands are torches, sometimes a snake, a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key (as wardress of the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• WORLD

world), a See also:

• WHIP

whip or a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger; her favourite See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal was the dog, which was sacrificed to her—an indication of her non-Hellenic origin, since this animal very rarely fills this part in genuine Greek See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual . See H . Steuding in Roscher's Lexikon, where the functions of Hecate are systematically derived from the conception of her as a moon-goddess; L . R . Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, ii., where this view is examined; P . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquites; O . Gruppe, Griechische Mythologie, ii . (1906) p . 1288 .