See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

FRANZ KARL See also:

• FRIEDRICH FRANZ KARL HECKER (1811-1881)
• HECKER, ISAAC THOMAS (1819-1888)

HECKER (1811-1881)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German revolutionist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Eichtersheim in the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate on the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1811, his See also:

• FATHER

father being a See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official . He studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law with the intention of becoming an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, but soon became absorbed in politics . On entering the Second Chamber of See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden in 1842, he at once began to take See also:

• PART

part in the opposition against the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, which assumed a more and more openly See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and in the course of which his talents as an agitator and his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm won him wide popularity and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . A speech, denouncing the projected See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig and See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein with See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, delivered in the Chamber of Baden on the 6th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1845, spread his fame beyond the limits of his own See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and his popularity was increased by his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia on the occasion of a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of his more moderate-minded friend Adolf Sander (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 9th, 1845), See also:

• HECKER, FRIEDRICH FRANZ KARL (1811-1881)
• HECKER, ISAAC THOMAS (1819-1888)

Hecker's See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone towards the government became more and more See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter . In spite cf the shallowness and his culture and his extremely weak character, he enjoyed an ever-increasing popularity . Even before the outbreak of the revolution he included Socialistic claims in his See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme . In 1847 he was temporarily occupied with ideas of See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration, and with this See also:

• OBJECT

object made a journey to See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers, but returned to Baden and resumed his former position as the Radical See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of popular rights, later becoming See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Volksverein, where he was destined to fall still further under the influence of the agitator Gustav von See also:

• STRUVE, FRIEDRICH GEORG WILHELM (1793-1864)

Struve . In See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Struve he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up the Radical programme carried at the See also:

• GREAT

great Liberal See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting held at See also:

• OFFENBURG

Offenburg on the 12th of September 1847 (entitled " Thirteen Claims put forwardby the See also:

• PEOPLE

People of Baden") . In addition to the Offenburg See also:

• PRO

pro-gramme, the See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of the 1st of March 1848 attempted to extort from the government the most far-reaching concessions . But it was in vain that on becoming a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy Hecker en deavoured to carry out its impracticable provisions . He had to yield to the more moderate See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, but on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account was driven still further towards the See also:

• LEFT

Left .

The See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof lies in the new Offenburg demands of the 19th of March, and in the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution moved by Hecker in the preliminary See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort that See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany should be declared a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . But neither in Baden nor Frankfort did he at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time gain his point . This See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double failure, combined with various energetic See also:

• MEASURES

measures of the government, which were indirectly aimed at him (e.g. the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the editor of the Constanzer Seeblatt, a friend of Hecker's, in See also:

• KARLSRUHE, or CARLSRUHE

Karlsruhe station on the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April), inspired Hecker with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of an armed rising under pretext of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the German republic . The 9th to the 11th of April was secretly spent in preliminaries . On the 12th of April Hecker and Struve sent a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation to the inhabitants of the Seekreis and of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• FOREST

Forest " to summon the people who can See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear arms to Donaueschingen at See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on the 14th, with arms, See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition and provisions for six days." They expected 70,000 men, but only a few thousand appeared . The See also:

• GRAND

grand-ducal government of the Seekreis was dissolved, and Hecker gradually gained reinforcements . But friendly advisers also joined him, pointing out the risks of his undertaking . Hecker, however, was not at all ready to listen to them; on the contrary, he added to violence an absurd See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance, and offered an See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty to the German princes on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of their retiring within fourteen days into private See also:

• LIFE

life . The troops of Baden and See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse marched against him, under the command of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich von See also:

• GAGERN, HANS CHRISTOPH ERNST, BARON VON (1766-'852)

Gagern, and on the loth of April they met near Kandern, where Gagern was killed, it is true, but Hecker was completely defeated . Like many of the revolutionaries of that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, Hecker retired to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . He was, it is true, again elected to the Chamber of Baden by the circle of Thiengen, but the government, no longer willing to respect his See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity as a deputy, refused its ratification . On this account Hecker resolved in September 1848 to emigrate to See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, and obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a See also:

• FARM

farm near See also:

• BELLEVILLE

Belleville in the state of See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois .

During the second rising in Baden in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1849 he again made efforts to obtain a footing in his own state, but with-out success . He only came as far as See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, but had to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat before the victories of the Prussian troops over the Baden insurgents . On his return to America he won some distinction during the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War as See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment which he had himself got together on the Federal See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in 1861 and 1864 . It was with great joy that he heard of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Germany brought about by the victory over See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1870-71 . It was then that he made his famous festival speech at St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, in which he gave an animated expression to the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of the German Americans for their newly-See also:

• UNITED

united fatherland . He received a less favourable impression during a journey he made in Germany in 1873 . He died at St Louis on the 24th of March 1881 . Hecker was always very much beloved of all the German democrats . The See also:

• SONG

song and the See also:

• HAT

hat named after him (the latter a broad slouch hat with a See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather) became famous as the symbols of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-classes in revolt . In America, too, he had won great esteem, not only on See also:

• POLITICAL

political grounds but also for his personal qualities . See F . Hecker, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Erhebung See also:

• DES

des Volkes in Baden far die deutsche Republik (Baden, 1848); F .

Hecker, Reden and Vorlesungen (Neerstadt a. d . H., 1872); F. v . Weech, Badische Biographien, iv . (1891); L . See also:

• MATHY, KARL (1807-1868)

Mathy, Aus dem Nachlasse von K . Malty, Briefe aus den Jahren .1846-1848 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1898) . (J .