ARNOLD

See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

HERMANN

See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG

See also:

• ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIG HEEREN (1760–1842)

HEEREN (1760–1842)  , German historian, was born on the 25th of October 176o at Arbergen, near Bremen . He studied philosophy, theology and history at Gottingen, and thereafter travelled in France, Italy and the Netherlands . In 1787 he was appointed one of the professors of philosophy, and then of history at Gottingen, and he afterwards was chosen aulic councillor, privy councillor, &c., the usual rewards of successful German scholars . He died at Gottingen on the 6th of March 1842 . Heeren's great merit as an historian was that he regarded the states of antiquity from an altogether fresh point of view . Instead of limiting himself to a narration of their political events, he examined their economic relations, their constitutions, their financial systems, and thus was enabled to throw a new light on the development of the old world . He possessed vast and varied learning, perfect calmness and impartiality, and great power of historical insight, and is now looked back to as the pioneer in the movement for the economic interpretation of history . Heeren's chief works are: Ideen fiber Politik, den Verkehr, and den Handel der vornehmsten Volker der alten Welt (2 vols., Gottingen, 1793–17996; 4th ed., 6 vols., 1824–1826; Eng. trans., Oxford, 1833) ; Geschichte des Studiums der klassischen Litteratur seit dem Wiederaufleben der Wissenschaften (2 vols., Gottingen, 1797–1802; new ed., 1822); Geschichte der Staaten des Altertums (Gottingen, 1799; Eng. trans., Oxford, 184o) ; Geschichte des europaischen Staalensystems (Gottingen, 1800; 5th ed., 1830; Eng. trans., 1834) ; Versuch einer Entwickelung der F olgen der Kreuzziige (Gottingen, 1808; French trans., Paris, iRo8), a prize essay of the Institute of France . Besides these, Heeren wrote brief biographical sketches of Johann von Muller (Leipzig, 1809); Ludwig Spittler (Berlin, 1812); and Christian Heyne (Gottingen, 1813) . With Friedrich August Ukert (1780-1851) he founded the famous historical collection, Geschichte der europaischen Staaten (Gotha, 1819 seq.), and contributed many papers to learned periodicals . A collection of his historical works, with autobiographical notice, was published in 15 volumes (Gottingen, 1821-183o) .