JOHAN LUDVIG See also:

• JOHAN LUDVIG HEIBERG (1791-186o)

HEIBERG (1791-186o)  , Danish poet and critic, son of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political writer See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Andreas See also:

• HEIBERG, JOHAN LUDVIG (1791-186o)

Heiberg (17587 . 1841), and of the famous novelist, afterwards the Baroness Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen on the 14th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1791 . In 'Soo his See also:

• FATHER

father was exiled and settled in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he was employed in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, retiring in 1817 with a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . His political and satirical writings continued to exercise See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen . Johan Ludvig Heiberg was taken by K . L . Rahbek and his wife into their See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Bakkehuset . He was educated at the university of Copenhagen, and his first publication, entitled The See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre for See also:

• MARIONETTES (probably from Ital. morio, a fool or buffoon, but also said to be derived from the mariolettes, or little figures of the Virgin Mary), FANTOCCINI (from fantino, a child)

Marionettes (1814), included two romantic dramas . This was followed by See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas Jokes and New See also:

• YEAR

Year's Tricks (1816), The See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

Initiation of See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche (1817), and The Prophecy of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and later of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . In 1659 he was called to Steinfurt to fill the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of dogmatics and ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history, and in the same year he became See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology of See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg . In 166o he revisited See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland; and, after marrying, he travelled in the following year to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, where he made the acquaintance of Johannes See also:

• COCCEIUS [strictly KocH], JOHANNES (1603-1669)

Cocceius . He returned in 1665 to See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, where he was elected See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of moral philosophy .

Two years later he succeeded J . H . See also:

• HOTTINGER, JOHANN HEINRICH (162o–1667)

Hottinger (162o–1667) in the chair of theology, which he occupied till his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 18th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1698, having declined an invitation in 1669 to succeed J . Cocceius at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, as well as a See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen . See also:

• HEIDEGGER, JOHANN HEINRICH (1633–1698)

Heidegger was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal author of the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

Formula Consensus Helvetica in 1675,which was designed to unite the Swiss Reformed churches, but had an opposite effect . W . Gass describes him as the most notable of the Swiss theologians of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . His writings are largely controversial, though without being See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter, and are in great See also:

• PART

part levelled against the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are De historia sacra patriarcharum exercitationes selectae (1667–1671); Dissertatio de Peregrinationibus religiosis (167o); De ratione studiorum, opuscula aurea, &c . (167o); Historia papatus (1684; under the name See also:

• NICANDER (2nd cent. B.C.)

Nicander von Hohenegg); Manuductio in viam concordiae Protestantium ecclesiasticae (1686) ; See also:

• TUMULUS

Tumulus concilii Tridentini (169o) ; Exercitationes bibbicae (1700), with a See also:

• LIFE

life of the author prefixed; Corpus theologiae Christianae (1700, edited by J . H . Schweizer); Ethicae Christianae elementa (1711) ; and lives of J .

H . Hottinger (1667) and J . L . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius (1698) . His autobiography appeared in 1698, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Historia vitae J . H . Heideggeri . See the articles in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie and the Allgemeine deutsche Biographic; and cf . W . Gass, Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik, ii . 353 if . Tycho See also:

• BRAHE, PER, COUNT (1602-1680)
• BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)

Brahe, a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on the eccentricities of the Romantic writers, especially on the sentimentality of See also:

• INGEMANN, BERNHARD SEVERIN (1789—1862)

Ingemann .

These See also:

• WORKS

works attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention at a time when See also:

• BAGGESEN, JENS IMMANUEL (1764-1826)

Baggesen, See also:

• OHLENSCHLAGER, ADAM GOTTLOB (1779-1850)

Ohlenschlager and Ingemann possessed the popular See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear, and were understood at once to be the opening of a great career . In 1817 Heiberg took his degree, and in 1819 went abroad with a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant from See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . He proceeded to Paris, and spent the next three years there with his father . In 1822 he published his See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama of Nina, and was made professor of the Danish See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language at the university of See also:

• KIEL

Kiel, where he delivered a course of lectures, comparing the Scandinavian See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology as found in the See also:

• EDDA

Edda with the poems of Ohlenschlager . These lectures were published in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German in 1827 . In 1825 Heiberg came back to Copenhagen for the purpose of introducing the See also:

• VAUDEVILLE

vaudeville on the Danish See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . He composed a great number of these vaudevilles, of which the best known are See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George the Hatmaker (1825); See also:

• APRIL

April See also:

• FOOLS, FEAST OF (Lat. festum stultorum, fatuorum, follorum, Fr. fete des fous)

Fools (1826); A See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story in Rosenborg See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden (1827); Kjoge Huskors (1831); The Danes in Paris (1833); No (1836); and Yes (1839) . He took his See also:

• MODELS

models from the French theatre, but showed extraordinary skill in blending the words and the See also:

• MUSIC

music; but the subjects and the See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour were essentially Danish and even topical . Meanwhile he was producing dramatic See also:

• WORK

work of a more serious See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; in 1828 he brought out the See also:

• NATIONAL

national drama of Elverhoi; in 183o The Inseparables; in 1835 the See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy See also:

• COMEDY

comedy of The Elves, a dramatic version of See also:

• TIECK, JOHANN LUDWIG

Tieck's Elfin; and in 1838 Fata Morgana . In 1841 Heiberg published a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of New Poems containing " A Soul after Death," a comedy which is perhaps his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master-piece, " The Newly Wedded Pair," and other pieces . He edited from 1827 to 1830 the famous weekly, the Flyvende See also:

• POST

Post (The Flying Post), and subsequently the Interimsblade (1834–1837) and the Intelligensblade (1842–1843) . In his journalism he carried on his warfare against the excessive pretensions of the Romanticists, and produced much valuable and penetrating See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of See also:

• ART

art and literature .

In 1831 he married the actress Johann See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise Paetges (1812–1890), herself the author of some popular vaudevilles . Heiberg's scathing satires, however, made him very unpopular; and this antagonism reached its height when, in 1845, he published his malicious little drama of The See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

Nut Crackers . Nevertheless he became in 1847 director of the national theatre . He filled the post for seven years, working with great zeal and conscientiousness, but was forced by intrigues from without to resign it in 1854 . Heiberg died at Bonderup, near Ringsted, on the 25th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 186o . His influence upon See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was greater than that of any writer of his time, and can only be compared with that of See also:

• HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1684-1754)

Holberg in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Most of the poets of the Romantic See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark were very See also:

• GRAVE

grave and serious; Heiberg added the See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of humour, elegance and See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony . He had the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good taste, and his witty and delicate productions stand almost unique in the literature of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The poetical works of Heiberg were collected, in 11 vols., in 1861–1862, and his See also:

• PROSE

prose writings (11 vols.) in the same year . The last volume of his prose works contains some fragments of autobiography . See also G . See also:

• BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842– )

Brandes, Essays (1889) .

For the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Heiberg see monographs by Thaarup (1883) and by Schwanenflugel (1891) .