See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• HEIM, ALBERT VON ST GALLEN (1849- )
• FRANCOIS JOSEPH HEIM (1787-1865)

HEIM (1787-1865)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French painter, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BELFORT
• BELFORT, TERRITOIRE
• BELFORT, TERRITORY OF

Belfort on the 16th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1787 . He See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early distinguished himself at the Ecole Centrale of See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, and in 1803 entered the studio of See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . In 1807 he obtained the first See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize, and in 1812 his picture of "The Return of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob " (Musee de See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux) won for him a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the first class, which he again obtained in 1817, when he exhibited, together with other See also:

• WORKS

works, a St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John—bought by . Vivant See also:

• DENON, DOMINIQUE VIVANT, BARON DE (1747—1825)

Denon . In 1819 the " Resurrection of See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

Lazarus " (See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral See also:

• AUTUN

Autun), the " Martyrdom of St Cyr " (St See also:

• GERVAIS, PAUL (1816-1879)

Gervais), and two scenes from the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian (ordered by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king) attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . In 1823 the " Re-erection of the Royal Tombs at St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis," the " Martyrdom of St Laurence " (Notre See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame) and several full-length portraits increased the painter's popularity; and in 1824, when he exhibited his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CANVAS

canvas, the " See also:

• MASSACRE

Massacre of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews " (Louvre), See also:

• HEIM, ALBERT VON ST GALLEN (1849- )
• HEIM, FRANCOIS JOSEPH (1787-1865)

Heim was rewarded with the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . In 1827 appeared the " King giving away Prizes at the See also:

• SALON

Salon of .1824 " (Louvre—engraved by Jazet)—the picture by which Heim is best known—and " See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Hyacinthe." Heim was now commissioned to decorate the See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X . (Louvre) . Though ridiculed by the romantists, Heim succeeded See also:

• REGNAULT, HENRI (1843-1871)
• REGNAULT, HENRI VICTOR (1810-1878)
• REGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1754-1829)

Regnault at the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute in 1834, shortly after which he commenced a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of drawings of the celebrities of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, which are of much See also:

• INTEREST

interest . His decorations of the See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference See also:

• ROOM

room of the Chamber of Deputies were completed in 1844; and in 1847 his works at the Salon—"Champ de See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

Mai " and " See also:

• READING

Reading a See also:

• PLAY

Play at the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

Francais "—were the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for violent criticisms . Yet something like a turn of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion in his favour took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of 1851; his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers as a See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine was also fortunate in having See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• LITERARY

literary circles of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital; he was on terms of intimacy with Varnhagen von Ense and his wife, the celebrated Rahel, at whose See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house he frequently met such men as the Humboldts, See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel himself and See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher; he made the acquaintance of leading men of letters like See also:

• FOUQUE, FERDINAND ANDRE (1828-19o4)
• FOUQUE, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH KARL DE LA MOTTE, BARON (1777-1843)

Fouque and See also:

• CHAMISSO, ADELBERT VON [Louis CHARLES ADELAIDE DE] (1781–1838)

Chamisso, and was on a still more See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar footing with the most distinguished of his co-religionists in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . Under such favourable circumstances his own gifts were soon displayed .

He contributed poems to the Berliner Gesellschafter, many of which were subsequently incorporated in the See also:

• BUCH
• BUCH, CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON, BARON (1774-1853)

Buch der Lieder, and in December 1821 a little See also:

• VOLUME

volume came from the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press entitled Gedichte, his first avowed See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of authorship . He was also employed at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as correspondent of a Rhenish newspaper, as well as in completing his tragedies Almansor and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Ratcliff, which were published in 1823 with small success . In that same See also:

• YEAR

year Heine, not in the most hopeful See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, returned to his See also:

• FAMILY

family, who had meanwhile moved to See also:

• LUNEBURG

Luneburg . He had plans of settling in Paris, but as he was still dependent on his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, the latter's consent had to be obtained . As was to be expected, See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon Heine did not favour the new See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, but promised to continue his support on the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that Harry completed his course of legal study . He sent the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young student for a six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday at See also:

• CUXHAVEN, or KUXHAVEN

Cuxhaven, which opened the poet's eyes to the wonders of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea; and three weeks spent subsequently at his uncle's See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county seat near See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg were sufficient to awaken a new See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion in Heine's See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast—this time for Amalie's See also:

• SISTER

sister, Therese . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1824 Heine returned to See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, where, with the exception of a visit to Berlin and the excursion to the Hartz mountains in the autumn of 1824, which is immortalized in the first volume of the Reisebilder, he remained until his See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation in the summer of the following year . It was on the latter of these journeys that he had the interview with See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe which was so amusingly described by him in later years . A few weeks before obtaining his degree, he took a step which he had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long meditated; he formally embraced See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . This " act of See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy," which has been dwelt upon at unnecessary length both by Heine's enemies and admirers, was actuated wholly by See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical considerations, and did not arise from any wish on the poet's See also:

• PART

part to deny his See also:

• RACE

race . The summer months which followed his examination Heine spent by his beloved sea in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• NORDERNEY (i.e. " northern island ")

Norderney, his uncle having again generously supplied the means for this purpose . The question of his future now became pressing, and for a time he seriously considered the plan of settling as a See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor in Hamburg, a plan which was associated in his mind with the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of marrying his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Therese .

Meanwhile he had made arrangements for the publication of the Reisebilder, the first volume of which, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Harzreise, appeared in May 1826 . The success of the See also:

• BOOK

book was instantaneous . Its lyric outbursts and flashes of wit; its rapid changes from See also:

• GRAVE

grave to See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay; its flexibility of thought and See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, came as a See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation to a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation which had grown weary of the lumbering literary methods of the later Romanticists . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the following year Heine paid a long planned visit to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he was deeply impressed by the See also:

• FREE

free and vigorous public life, by the See also:

• SIZE

size and bustle of See also:

• LONDON

London; above all, he was filled with admiration for See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning, whose policy had realized many a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of the young See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German idealists of that See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . But the picture had also its See also:

• REVERSE

reverse; the sordidly commercial spirit of See also:

• ENGLISH

English life, and brutal egotism of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Englishman, grated on Heine's sensitive nature; he missed the finer literary and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic tastes of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent and was repelled by the austerity of English religious sentiment and observance . Unfortunately the latter aspects of English life See also:

• LEFT

left a deeper See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark on his memory than the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

Cotta, the well-known publisher, offered Heine—the second volume of whose Reisebilder and the Buch der Lieder had meanwhile appeared and won him fresh laurels—the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-editorship of the Neue allgemeine politische Annalen . He gladly accepted the offer and betook himself to See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich . Heine did his best to adapt himself and his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opinions to the new surroundings, in the hope of coming in for a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share ofthe See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good things which See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig I. of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria was so generously distributing among artists and men of letters . But the stings of the Reisebilder were not so easily forgotten; the clerical party in particular did not leave him long in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . In See also:

• JULY

July 1828, the professorship on which he had set his hopes being still not forthcoming, he left Munich for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he remained until the following See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, a holiday which provided material for the third and part of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth volumes of the Reisebilder . A See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow more serious than the Bavarian king's refusal to establish him in Munich awaited him on his return to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany—the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• FATHER

father .

In the beginning of 1829 Heine took up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in Berlin, where he resumed old acquaintanceships; in summer he was again at the sea, and in autumn he returned to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city he now loathed above all others, Hamburg, where he virtually remained until May 1831 . These years were not a happy See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the poet's life; his efforts to obtain a position, apart from that which he owed to his literary See also:

• WORK

work, met with rebuffs on every side; his relations with his uncle were unsatisfactory and disturbed by See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction, and for a time he was even seriously See also:

• ILL

ill . His only See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation in these months of discontent was the completion and publication of the Reisebilder . When in 183o the See also:

• NEWS

news of the July Revolution in the streets of Paris reached him, Heine hailed it as the beginning of a new era of freedom, and his thoughts reverted once more to his early plan of settling in Paris . All through the following See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter the plan ripened, and in May 1831 he finally said farewell to his native See also:

• LAND

land . Heine's first impressions of the " New See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem of Liberalism " were jubilantly favourable; Paris, he proclaimed, was the capital of the civilized See also:

• WORLD

world, to be a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Paris the highest of honours . He was soon on friendly terms with many of the notabilities of the capital, and there was every prospect of a congenial and lucrative journalistic activity as correspondent for German See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers . Two series of his articles were subsequently collected and published under the titles Franzosische Zustande (1832) and Lulezia (written 1840-1843, published in the Vermischle Schriften, 1854) . In December 1835, however, the German Bund, incited by W . See also:

• MENZEL, ADOLPH FRIEDRICH ERDMANN VON (1815-1905)
• MENZEL, WOLFGANG (1798-1873)

Menzel's attacks on " Young Germany," issued its notorious See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, forbidding the publication of any writings by the members of that coterie; the name of Heine, who had been stigmatized as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement headed the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . This was the beginning of a series of literary feuds in which Heine was, from now on, involved; but a more serious and immediate effect of the decree was to curtail consider-ably his See also:

• SOURCES

sources of income . His uncle, it is true, had allowed him 4000 francs a year when he settled in Paris, but at this moment he was not on the best of terms with his Hamburg relatives .

Under these circumstances he was induced to take a step which his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen have found it hard to forgive; be applied to the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for support from a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret fund formed for the benefit of " political refugees " who were willing to place themselves at the service of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . From 1836 or 1837 until the Revolution of 1848 Heine was in See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of 4800 francs annually from this source . In October 1834 Heine made the acquaintance of a young Frenchwoman, See also:

• EUGENIE

Eugenie Mirat, a saleswoman in a See also:

• BOOT

boot-See also:

• SHOP

shop in Paris, and before long had fallen passionately in love with her . Although ill-educated, vain and extravagant, she inspired the poet with a deep and lasting See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection, and in 1841, on the See also:

• EVE

eve of a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel in which he had become involved, he made her his wife . " Mathilde," as Heine called her, was not the comrade to help the poet in days of adversity, or to raise him to better things, but, in spite of passing storms, he seems to have been happy with her, and she nursed him faithfully in his last illness . Her death occurred in 1883 . His relations with Mathilde undoubtedly helped to weaken his ties with Germany; and notwithstanding the affection he professed to cherish for his native land, he only revisited it twice, in the autumn of 1843 and the summer of 1847 . In 1845 appeared the first unmistakable signs of the terrible See also:

• SPINAL

spinal disease, which, for eight years, from the spring of 1848 till his death, condemned him to a " See also:

• MATTRESS (O.Fr. materas, mod. matelas; the origin is the Arab. al-materah, cushion, whence Span. and Port. almadraque, Ital. materasso)

mattress grave," _ These years of suffering—suffering which left his See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect as clear and vivacious as ever—seem to have effected what might be called a spiritual See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification in Heine's nature, and to have brought out all the good sides of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, whereas adversity in earlier years only intensified his cynicism . The lyrics of the Romanzero (1851) and the collection of Neuesle Gedichte (18J3-1854) surpass in imaginative See also:

• DEPTH

depth and sincerity of purpose the See also:

• POETRY

poetry of the See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

Buck der Lieder . Most wonderful of all are the poems inspired by Heine's See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange mystic passion for the See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady he called Die Mouche, a countrywoman of his own—her real name was Elise von Krienitz, but she had written in French under the nom de plume of Camille See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden—who helped to brighten the last months of the poet's life . He died on the 17th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1856, and lies buried in the See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery of Montmartre . Besides the purely journalistic work of Heine's Paris years, to which reference has already been made, he published a collection of more serious See also:

• PROSE

prose writings under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Der Salon (1833-1839) .

In this collection will be found, besides papers on French See also:

• ART

art and the French See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, the essays " Zur Geschichte der See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion and Philosophie in Deutschland," which he had written for the Revue See also:

• DES

des deux mondes . Here, too, are the more characteristic productions of Heine's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewopski, Der See also:

• RABBI

Rabbi von Bocherach and Florentiniscke Ndchle . Die romantische Schule (1836), with its unpardonable See also:

• PERSONAL

personal attack on the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel, is a less creditable See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay in literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism . In 1839 appeared Shakespeares Mddchen and Frauen, which, however, was merely the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text to a series of illustrations; and in 184o, the witty and trenchant See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on a writer, who, in spite of many personal disagreements, had been Heine's fellow-fighter in the liberal cause, Ludwig See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

Borne . Of Heine's poetical work in these years, his most important publications were, besides the Romanzero, the two admirable satires, Deutschland, ein Wintermarchen (1844), the result of his visit to Germany, and Alta Troll, ein See also:

• SOMMER

Sommer nachtstraum (1876), an attack on the political Tendenzliteratur of the 'forties . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of no other of the greater German poets is it so hard to arrive at a final See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment as in that of Heinrich Heine . In his Buck der Lieder he unquestionably struck a new lyric See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, not merely for Germany but for See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . No See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer before him had been so daring in the use of nature-symbolism is he, none had given such See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete and plastic expression to the spiritual forces of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and soul; in this respect Heine was clearly the descendant of the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew poets of the Old Testament . At times, it is true, his imagery is exaggerated to the degree of absurdity, but it exercised, none the less, a See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination over his generation . Heine combined with a spiritual delicacy, a fineness of See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception, that See also:

• FIRM

firm hold on reality which is so essential to the satirist . His lyric appealed with particular force to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign peoples, who had little understanding for the intangible, undefinable spirituality which the German See also:

• PEOPLE

people regard as an indispensable See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in their See also:

• NATIONAL

national lyric poetry . Thus his falhe has always stood higher in England and France than in Germany itself, where his lyric method, his self-consciousness, his cynicism in See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season and out of season, were little in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the literary traditions .

As far, indeed, as the development of the German lyric is concerned, Heine's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence has been of questionable value . But he introduced at least one new and refreshing element into German poetry with his lyrics of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Sea; no other German poet has See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt and expressed so well as Heine the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of sea and See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . As a prose writer, Heine's merits were very great . His work was, in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, journalism, but it was journalism of a high See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and, after all, the best literature of the " Young German " school to which he belonged was of this character . Heine's See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy, his agile intellect, his straightforward, clear style stood him here in excellent See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead . The prose writings of his French period mark, together with Borne's Briefe aus Paris, the beginning of a new era in German journalism and a healthy revolt against the unwieldly prose of the Romantic period . Above all things, Heine was great as a wit and a satirist . Hislyric may not be able to assert itself beside that of the very greatest German singers, but as a satirist he had powers of the highest order . He combined the See also:

• HOLY

holy zeal and passionate earnestness of the " soldier of humanity " with the withering scorn and ineradicable sense of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice See also:

• COMMON

common to the leaders of the Jewish race . It was Heine's real See also:

• MISSION

mission to be a reformer, to restore with See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war rather than of peace " the interrupted order of the world." The more's the pity that his magnificent Aristophanic genius should have had so little room for its exercise, and have been frittered away in the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty squabbles of an exiled journalist . The first collected edition of Heine's works was edited by A . Strodtmann in 21 vols .

(1861-1866), the best See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition is the Sdmtliche Werke, edited by E . See also:

• ELSTER

Elster (7 vols., 1887-1890) . Heine has been more translated into other See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues than any other German writer of his time . Mention may here be made of the French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of his Euvres completes (14 vols., 1852-1868), and the English translation (by C . G . See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland and others) recently completed, The Works of Heinrich Heine (13 vols., 1892-1905) . For See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography and criticism see the following works: A . Strodtmann, Heines Leben and Werke (3rd ed., 1884); H . Hueffer, Aus dem Leben H . Heines (1878); and by the same author, H . Heine: Gesammelte Aufsdtze (1906); G . Karpeles, H .

Heine and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Zeilgenossen (1888), and by the same author, H . Heine: aus seinem Leben and aus seiner Zeit (1900); W . Biilsche, H . Heine: Versuch einer dsthetischkritischen Analyse seiner Werke and seiner Weltanschauung (1888); G . See also:

• BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842– )

Brandes, Det unge Tyskland (1890; Eng. trans., 1905) . An English biography by W . See also:

• STIGAND (d. 1072)

Stigand, Life, Works and Opinions of Heinrich Heine, appeared in 1875, but it has little value; there is also a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short life by W . See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

Sharp (1888) . The essays on Heine by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM (1834– )
• ELIOT, GEORGE
• ELIOT, JOHN (1604-1690)
• ELIOT, SIR JOHN (1592-1632)

Eliot and See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold are well known . The best French contributions to Heine criticism are J . Legras, H . Heine, poete (1897), and H .

Lichtenberger, H . Heine, penseur (1905) . See also L.P . Betz, Heine in Frankreich (1895) . (J . W . F.; J . G .