See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)  , the See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Spartans . The word was derived in antiquity from the See also:

• TOWN

town of Helos in See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia, but is more probably connected with EAos, a fen, or with the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of EAeIv, to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture . Some scholars suppose them to have been of Achaean See also:

• RACE

race, but they were more probably the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of Laconia who had been enslaved by the See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans before the Dorian See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest . After the second Messenian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (see See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

SPARTA) the conquered Messenians were reduced to the status of See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

helots, from which See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

Epaminondas liberated them three centuries later after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LEUCTRA

Leuctra (371 B.C.) . The helots were See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state slaves See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to the soiladscripti glebae—and assigned to individual Spartiates to till their holdings (KAnpot); their masters could neither emancipate them nor sell them off the See also:

• LAND

land, and they were under an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath not to raise the See also:

• RENT

rent payable yearly in See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind by the helots . In See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of war they served as See also:

• LIGHT

light-armed troops or as rowers in the See also:

• FLEET

fleet; from the Peloponnesian War onwards they were occasionally employed as heavy See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry (drrXirai.), distinguished bravery being rewarded by emancipation . That the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general attitude of the Spartans towards them was one of distrust and See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty cannot be doubted . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle says that the ephors of each See also:

• YEAR

year on entering See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office declared war on the helots so that they might be put to See also:

• DEATH

death at any time without violating religious See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple (See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus 28), and we have a well-attested See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of 2000 helots being freed for service in war and then secretly assassinated (Thuc. iv . 8o) . But when we remember the value of the helots from a military and agricultural point of view we shall not readily believe that the See also:

• CRYPTEIA (Gr. Kpinrrew, to hide)

crypteia was really, as some authors represent it, an organized See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre; we shall see in it " a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police training, inculcating hardihood and vigour in the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young," while at the same time getting rid of any helots who were found to be plotting against the state (see further CRYPTEIA) . Intermediate between Helots and Spartiates were the two classes of Neodamodes and Mothones . The former were emancipated helots, or possibly their descendants, and were much used in war from the end of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; they served especially on See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, as those of Thibron (400-399 B.C.) and Agesilaus (396-394 B.C.) in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor .

The mothones or mothakes were usually the sons of Spartiates and helot mothers; they were See also:

• FREE

free men sharing the Spartan training, but were not full citizens, though they might become such in recognition of See also:

• SPECIAL

special merit . See C . O . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, See also:

• HISTORY

History and Antiquities of the Doric Race (Eng. trans.), bk. iii. ch . 3.; G . See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Constitutional Antiquities (Eng. trans.), pp . 30-35; A . H . J . Greenidge, Handbook of Greek Constitutional History, pp . 83-85; G . Busolt, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die griech .

Staats- u . Rechtsaltertumer, § 84; Griechische Geschichte, i.2 525-528; G . F . See also:

• SCHOMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH (1793—1879)

Schomann, Antiquities of See also:

• GREECE

Greece: The State (Eng. trans.) pp . 194 if . (M . N .