See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)  , a seaport and the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland and of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Nyland, centre of the administrative, scientific, educational and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• LIFE

life of Finland . The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is divided into two parts by a promontory, and is protected at its entrance by a See also:

• GROUP

group of small islands, on one of which stands the fortress of Sveaborg . A third harbour is situated on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the promontory, and all three have See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite quays . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, which in 1810 had only 4065 inhabitants, See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo the then capital having 10,224, has increased with See also:

• GREAT

great rapidity, having 22,228 inhabitants in 186o, 61,530 in 1890 and 111,654 in 1904 . It is the centre of an active See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with the Baltic ports and with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and of a railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system connecting it with all parts of the See also:

• GRAND

grand duchy and with St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg . See also:

• HELSINGFORS (Finnish Helsinki)

Helsingfors is handsome and well laid out with wide streets, parks, gardens and monuments . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal square contains the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House and the university, all str;See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king buildings of considerable architectural distinction . In the centre is the statue of the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II., who is looked upon as the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector of the liberties of Finland, the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument being annually decorated with wreaths and garlands . The university has a teaching See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of 141 with (1906) 1921 students, of whom 328 were See also:

• WOMEN

women . The university is well provided with museums and laboratories and has a library of over 250,000 volumes . Other public institutions are the See also:

• ATHENAEUM

Athenaeum, with picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish theatreand See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera house, a Finnish See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the Archives, the Senate House, the *Nobles' House (Riddarhusel) and the House of the Estates, the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German (Lutheran) See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian church . Some of the scientific See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of Helsingfors have a wide repute, such as the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of sciences, the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical, See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical, Finno-Ugrian, biblical, medical, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, arts and forestry societies, as also societies for the spread of popular See also:

• EDUCATION

education and of arts and crafts .

There are a See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic, ten high See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation and trade schools, institutes for the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind and the mentally deficient, and numerous elementary schools . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of education is high, the publication of books, reviews and See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers being very active . The See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of culture is Swedish, but owing to See also:

• RECENT

recent manufacturing developments the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is Finnish-speaking . Helsingfors displays great manufacturing and commercial activity, the imports being See also:

• COAL

coal, machinery, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and clothing . The manufactures of the city consist largely of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• BEER

beer and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, carpets, machinery and sugar .