See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, See also:

• HALF

half and IrTep6P, a wing)  , the name applied in zoological See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification to that See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the class See also:

• HEXAPODA (Gr. 4, six, and gobs, foot)

Hexapoda (q.v.) which includes bugs, cicads, aphids and See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale-See also:

• INSECTS

insects . The name was first used by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus (I735), who derived it from the See also:

• HALF

half-coriaceous and half-membranous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the forewing in many members of the order . But the wings vary considerably in different families, and the most distinctive feature is the structure of the jaws, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak-like See also:

• ORGAN

organ with stylets adapted for piercing and sucking . Hence the name Rhyngota (or Rhynchota), proposed by J . C . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius (1775), is used by many writers in preference to See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

Hemiptera . Structure.— The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head varies greatly in shape, and the feelers have usually but few segments—often only four or five . The arrangement of the jaws is remarkably See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant throughout the order, if we exclude from it the lice (Anoplura) . Taking as our type the head of a cicad, we find a jointed rostrum or beak (See also:

• FIGS

figs . 1 and 2, IV. b, c) with a deep groove on its anterior See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face; this organ is formed by the second pair of maxillae and corresponds therefore to the labium or " See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip '' of biting insects . Within the groove of the rostrum two pairs of slender piercers — often barbed at the tip—See also:

• WORK

work to and fro . One of these pairs (fig .

2, II. a, b, c) represents the mandibles, the other (fig . 2, III. a, b, c) the first maxillae . The piercing portions of the latter—representing their After Martau, See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull. r4 (N.S.) Div . Ent . U.S. inner lobes or laciniae— Dept . Agr . See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie median to the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man- FIG . 1.-Head and Prothorax of Cicad dibular piercers in the from See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . natural position of the IL' Frons . , See also:

• BASE

Base of mandible. See also:

• ORGANS

organs . These homologies III., Base of first maxillae. of the hemipterous jaws IV., Second maxillaeformingrostruin, were determined by J . C .

V., Pronotum . See also:

• SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH KARL VON (1779–1861)

Savigny in 1816, and though disputed by various subsequent writers, they have been lately confirmed by the embryological researches of R . Heymons (1899) . Vestigial palps have been described in various See also:

• SPECIES

species of Hemiptera, but the true nature of these structures is doubtful . In front of the rostrum and the piercers lies the pointed flexible See also:

• LABRUM (Lat. for " lip ")

labrum and within its base a small hypopharynx (fig . 2, IV. d) consisting of paired conical processes which lie dorsal to the " See also:

• SYRINGE (Gr. ovpryE, reed, pipe)

syringe " of the salivary glands . This latter organ injects a secretion into the plant or See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue from which the See also:

• INSECT

insect is sucking . The point of the f rostrum is pressed against the See also:

• SURFACE

surface to be pierced; then the stylets come into See also:

• PLAY

play and the fluid See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is believed to pass into the mouth by capillary attraction . The prothorax (figs. r and 2, V.) in Hemiptera is large and See also:

• FREE

free, and the mesothoracic scutellum is usually extensive . The number of tarsal segments is reduced; often three, two or only one may be See also:

• PRESENT

present instead of the typical insectan number five . The wings will be described in connexion with the various After Marian, Bull. re (N . S.) Div .

Ent . U.S . Dept . Agr . I., a, frons; b, clypeus; c, labrum; d, epipharynx . 1'., Same from behind . II., Mandible . IV., and maxillae, a, sub-mentum; b, mentum; c, ligula, forming beak; d, hypopharynx (shown also from front d', and behind d') . V., Prothorax, b, haunch; a, trochanter . sub-orders, but an interesting peculiarity of the Hemiptera is the occasional presence of winged and wingless races of the same species . Eleven abdominal segments can be recognized, at least in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early stages; as the adult condition is reached, the hinder segments become reduced or modified in connexion with the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external reproductive organs, and show, in some male Hemiptera, a marked asymmetry . The typical insectan ovipositor with its three pairs of processes, one pair belonging to the eighth and two pairs to the ninth abdominal segment, can be distinguished in the See also:

• FEMALE

female .

In the See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

system the concentration of the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk gangliain many Hemiptera . Tn the adult there is apa.ir of such glands opening ventrally on the hifidmost thoracic segment, or at the base of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen; but in the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young insect the glands are situated dorsally and open to the exterior on a variable number of the abdominal terga . Development.—In most Hemiptera the young insect (fig . 3) resembles its parents except for the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of wings, and is active through all stages of its growth . In all Hemiptera the wing-rudiments develop externally on the nymphal cuticle, but in some families—the cicads for example—the young insect (fig. so) is a larva differing markedly in form from its See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent, and adapted for a different mode of See also:

• LIFE

life, while the nymph before the final See also:

• MOULT

moult is sluggish and inactive . In the male Coccidae (Scale-insects) the nymph (fig . 4) remains passive and takes no food . The order of the Hemiptera affords, therefore, some interesting transition stages towards the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis of the higher insects . See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution and Habits.—Hemiptera are widely distributed, and are plentiful in most quarters of the globe, though they probably have not penetrated as far into remote and inhospitable regions as have the See also:

• COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera, See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera and See also:

• APTERA (Greek for " wingless ")

Aptera . They feed entirely by suction, and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the species See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce plant tissues and suck See also:

• SAP

sap . The leaves of See also:

• PLANTS

plants are for the most See also:

• PART

part the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of attack, but many aphids and scale-insects pierce stems, and some go underground and feed on roots . The enormous See also:

• RATE

rate at which aphids multiply under favourable conditions makes them of the greatest economic importance, since the growth of immense See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the same See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of plant in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close proximity —as in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• FARM

farm-crops—is especially advantageous to the insects that feed on them .

Several families of bugs are predaceous in See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, attacking other insects —often members of their own order—and sucking their juices . Others are scavengers feeding on decaying organic See also:

• MATTER

matter; the See also:

• POND
• POND, JOHN (c. 1767-1836)

pond skaters, for example, live mostly on the juices of dead floating insects . And some, like the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed-bugs, are parasites of vertebrate animals, on whose bodies they live temporarily or permanently, and whose See also:

• BLOOD

blood they suck . The Hemiptera are especially interesting as an order from the variety of aquatic insects included therein . Some of these—the Hydrometridae or pond-skaters, for example—move over the surface-film, on which they are supported by their elongated, slender legs, the See also:

• BODY

body of the insect being raised clear of the See also:

• WATER

water . They are covered with See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short hairs which form a See also:

• VELVET

velvet-like See also:

• PILE

pile, so dense that water cannot penetrate . Consequently when the insect dives, an See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-bubble forms around it, a See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen is thus secured for breathing and the water is kept away from the spiracles . In many of these insects, while most individuals of the species are wingless, winged specimens are now and then met with . The occasional development of wings is probably of service to the species in enabling the insects to reach new fresh-water breeding-grounds . This See also:

• FAMILY

family of Iemiptera (the Hydrometridae) and the Saldidae contain several insects that are marine, haunting the tidal margin . One genus of Hydrometridae (Halobates) is even oceanic in its habit, the species being met with skimming over the surface of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea hundreds of See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from See also:

• LAND

land . Probably they dive when the surface becomes ruffled .

In these marine genera the abdomen often undergoes excessive reduction (fig . 5) . Other families of Hemiptera—such as the " Boatmen " (Notonectldae) and the " Water-scorpions " (fig . 6) and their See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies (Nepidae) dive and swim through the water . They obtain their supply of air from the surface . The Nepidae breathe by means of a pair of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, grooved tail processes (really out-growths MER21 After Jfarlatt, See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

Ball . 4 (N.S.) Dr' . Ent . U.S . Dept . Agr . into a single See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve-centre situated in the See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax is remarkable .

The See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive system has a slender gullet, a large See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop and no gizzard; in some Hemiptera the hinder region of the See also:

• MID

mid-gut forms a See also:

• TWISTED

twisted See also:

• LOOP

loop with the gullet . Usually there are four excretory (Malpighian) tubes; but there are only two in the Coccidae and none in the Aphidae . " Stink glands," which secrete a nauseous fluid with a defensive See also:

• FUNCTION

function, are present After See also:

• RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1853– )

Riley and Insect Life, vol . Dept . Agr.) . See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard i . (U.S . of the abdominal pleura) which when pressed together form a See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube whose point can pierce the surface film and convey air to the hindmost spiracles which are alone functional in the adult . The Notonectidae breathe mostly through the thoracic spiracles; the air is conveyed to these from the tail-end, which is brought to the surface, along a kind of See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel formed by overlapping hairs . See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound-producing Organs.—The Hemiptera are remarkable for the variety of their stridulating organs . In many genera of the Pentatomidae, bristle-bearing tubercles on the legs are scraped across a set of See also:

• FINE

fine striations on the abdominal sterna . In Halobates a See also:

• COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb-like See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp spines on the fore-shin can be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn across a set of See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt.processes on the shin of the opposite See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg .

See also:

• MALES

Males of the little water-bugs of the genus Corixa make a shrill chirping See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note by See also:

• DRAWING

drawing a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth on the flattened fore-See also:

• FOOT

foot across a See also:

• GROUP

group of spines on the haunch of the opposite leg . But the loudest and most remarkable vocal organs of all insects are those of the male cicads, which " sing " d e From Marlatt, Bull . 14 (N.S.) Div . Ent . U.S . Dept . Agr . FIG . 7 . a, Body of male Cicad from c, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

Section showing muscles which below, showing See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover-plates vibrate See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum (magnified) ; of musical organs; d, A drum at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest; b, From above showing drums, e, Thrown into vibration, more natural See also:

• SIZE

size; highly magnified . ' by the rapid vibration of a pair of " drums " or membranes within the metathorax . These drums are worked by See also:

• SPECIAL

special muscles, and the cavities in which they lie are protected by conspicuous plates visible beneath the base of the abdomen (see fig .

7) . Fossil See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The Heteroptera can be traced back farther than any other winged insects if the fossil Protocimex silurica Moberg, from the Ordovician slates of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden is rightly regarded as the wing of a See also:

• BUG

bug . But according to the See also:

• RECENT

recent researches of A . Handlirsch it is not insectan at all . Both Heteropterous and Homopterous genera have been described from the Carboniferous, but the true nature of some of these is doubtful . Eugereon is a remarkable See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian fossil, with jaws that are typically hemipterous except that the second maxillae are not fused and with cockroach-like wings . In the See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period many of the existing families, such as the Cicadidae, Fulgoridae, Aphidae, Nepidae, Reduviidae, Hydrometridae, Lygaeidae and Coreidae, had already become differentiated . Classification.--The number of described species of Hemiptera must now be nearly 20,000 . The order is divided into two sub-orders, the Heteroptera and the Homoptera . The Anoplura or lice should not be included among the Hemiptera, but it has been thought convenient to refer briefly to them at the close of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . HETEROPTERA In this sub-order are included the various families of bugs and their aquatic relations . The front of the head is not in contact with the haunches of the fore-legs .

There is usually a marked difference between the wings of the two pairs . The fore-wing is generally divided into a See also:

• FIRM

firm coriaceous basal region, occupying most of the See also:

• AREA

area, and a membranous terminal portion, while the See also:

• HIND

hind-wing is delicate and entirely membranous (see fig . 6) . In the firm portion of the fore-wing two T£RZI . After Marlatt, Bull . 4 (N.S.) Div . Ent . U.S . Dept . See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age . a, Female from above; d, Jaws, very highly magnified b, From beneath; (tips of mandibles and 1st c, Vestigial wing; maxillae still more highly magnified) . distinct regions can usually be distinguished; most of the area is formed by the corium (fig .

6, co), which is separated by a See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal suture from the clavus (fig . 6, cl) on its hinder edge, and in some families there is also a See also:

• CUNEUS (Latin for " wedge "; plural, cunei)

cuneus (fig . 9 cu) external to and an embolium in front of the corium . Most Heteroptera are flattened in form, and the wings lie See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, or nearly so, when closed . The young Heteropteron is hatched from the See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg in a form not markedly different from that of its parent; it is active and takes food through all the stages of its growth . It is usual to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the Heteroptera into two tribes—the Gymnocerata and the Cryptocerata . Gymnocerata.—This tribe includes some eighteen families of terrestrial, arboreal and See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh-haunting bugs, as well as those aquatic Heteroptera that live on the surface-film of water . The feelers are elongate and conspicuous . The Pentatomidae (See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield-bugs), some of which are metallic or otherwise brightly coloured., are easily recognized by the See also:

• GREAT

great development of the scutellum, which reaches at least half-way back towards the tip of the abdomen, and in some genera covers the whole of the hind body, and also the wings when these are closed . The Coreidae have a smaller scutellum, and the feelers are inserted high on the head, while in the Lygaeidae they are inserted lower down . These three families have the foot with three segments . In the curious little Tingidae, whose integuments exhibit a See also:

• PATTERN

pattern of network-like ridges, the feet are two-segmented and the scutellum is 'hidden by the pronotum .

The Aradidae have two segmented feet, and a large visible scutellum . The Hydrometridae are a large family including the pond-skaters and other dwellers on the surface-film of fresh water, as well as the remarkable oceanic genus Halobates already referred to . The Reduviidae are .reRa After See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter, Proc . R . See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin Sot., vol. viii . a family of predaceous bugs that attack other insects and suck their juices; the beak is short, and carried under the head in a See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook-like See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, not—as in the preceding families—lying close against the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast . The Cimicidae have the feet three-segmented and the fore-wings greatly reduced; most of the species are parasites on birds and bats, but one—Cimex lectularius (figs . 3, 8)—is the well-known " bed-bug " which abounds in unclean dwellings and sucks human blood (see BUG) . The Anthocoridae are nearly related to the Cimicidae, but the wings are usually well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and the forewing possesses cuneus and embolium as well as corium and clavus . The Capsidae are a large family of rather soft-skinned bugs mostly elongate in form with the two basal segments of the feelers stouter than the two terminal . The forewing in this family has a cuneus (fig . 9 cu), but not an emboli um .

These insects are often found in large numbers on plants whose juices they suck . Cryptocerala.—In this tribe are included five or six families of aquatic Heteroptera which spend the greater part of their lives submerged, diving and See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming through the water . The feelers are very small and are often hidden in cavities beneath the head . The Naucoridae and Belostomatidae are flattened in-sects, with four-segmented feelers and fore-legs inserted at the front of the prosternum . Two species of the former family inhabit our islands, but the Belostomatidae are found only in the warmer regions of the globe; some of them, attaining a length of 4 to 5 in., are giants among insects . The Nepidae (fig . 6) or water-scorpions (q.v.)—two See also:

• BRITISH

British species—are distinguished by their three-segmented feelers, their raptorial fore-legs (in which the shin and foot, fused together, work like a sharp See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife-blade on the grooved thigh), and their elongate tail-processes formed of the abdominal pleura and used for respiration . The Notenectidae, or " water-boatmen " (q.v.) have See also:

• CONVEX

convex ovoid bodies admirably adapted for aquatic life . By means of the See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar-like hind-legs they swim actively through the water with the ventral surface upwards; the fore-legs are inserted at the hinder edge of the See also:

• PRO

pro-sternum . The Corixidae are small flattened water-bugs, with very short unjointed beak, the labrum being enclosed within the second HOMOPTERA This sub-order includes the cicads, See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern-flies, See also:

• FROG

frog-hoppers, aphids and scale-insects . The face has such a marked backward slope (see fig . I) as to bring the beak into close contact with the haunches of the fore-legs .

The feelers have one or more thickened basal segments, while the remaining segments are slender and See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like . The fore-wings are sometimes membranous like the hind-wings, usually they are firmer in texture, but they never show the distinct areas that characterize the wings of Heteroptera . When at rest the wings of Homoptera slope roofwise across the back of the insect . In their life-history the Homoptera are more specialized than the Heteroptera; the young insect often differs markedly from its After See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

Weed, Riley and Howard, Insect Life, vol. iii . parent and does not live in the same situations; while in some families there is a passive See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage before the last moult . The Cicadidae are for the most part large insects with ample wings; they are distinguished from other Homoptera by the front thighs being thickened and toothed beneath . The broad head carries, in addition to the prominent See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound eyes, three See also:

• SIMPLE

simple eyes (ocelli) on the See also:

• CROWN

crown, while the feeler consists of a stout basal segment, followed by five slender segments . The female, by means of her serrated ovipositor, See also:

• LAYS

lays her eggs in slits cut in the twigs of plants . The young have simple feelers and stout fore-legs (fig. so) adapted for digging; they live underground and feed on the roots of plants- After M . V . Slingerland, Cornell Univ . Ent .

Bull . O . From Marlatt, Bult . 14 (N . S.), Div . Ent . U . S . Dept . Agr . maxillae, and the foot in the fore and intermediate leg having but a single segment . The hinder abdominal segments in the male show a curious asymmetrical arrangement, the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth segment bearing on its upper side a small stalked See also:

• PLATE

plate (strigil) of unknown function, furnished with rows of teeth .

On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the reduction and modification of the ,of in the Corixidae, C . Borner has Lately suggested that they should form a special sub-order of Ilemiptera the Sandaliorrhvncha . After Howard, See also:

• YEAR

Year See also:

• BOOK

Book U . S . Dept . Age., 1894 . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American species it is known that this larval life lasts for seventeen years . The " See also:

• SONG

song " of the male cicads is notorious and the structures by which it is produced have already been described (see also See also:

• CICADA (Cicadidae)

CICADA) . There are about 900 known species, but the family is mostly confined to warm countries; only a single cicad is found in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and that is restricted to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . The Fulgoridae and Membracidae are two allied families most of whose members are also natives of hot regions . The Fulgoridas have the head with two ocelli and three segmented feelers; frequently as in the tropical " lantern-flies " (q.v.) the head is prolonged into a conspicuous See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder, or trunk-like See also:

• PROCESS

process .