See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and the origin is unknown)  , the Conium maculatum of botanists, a biennial umbelliferous plant, found See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild in many parts of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, where it occurs in See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste places on hedge-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and by the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, and also widely spread over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and temperate See also:

• ASIA

Asia, fnd naturalized in the cultivated districts of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is an erect branching plant, growing from 3 to 6 ft. high, and emitting a disagreeable See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell, like that of mice . The stems are hollow, smooth, somewhat See also:

• GLAUCOUS (Gr. yAavK6s, bright, gleaming)

glaucous See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, spotted with dull dark See also:

• PURPLE

purple, as alluded to in the specific name, maculatum . The See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root-leaves have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long furrowed footstalks, sheathing the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem at the See also:

• BASE

base, and are large, triangular in outline, and repeatedly divided or See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, the ultimat.e and very numerous segments being small, ovate, and deeply incised at the edge . These leaves generally perish after the growth of the flowering stem, which takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the second See also:

• YEAR

year, while the leaves produced on the stem became gradually smaller upwards . The branches are all terminated by compound many-rayed umbels of small See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general involucres consisting of several, the partial ones of about three See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lanceolate bracts, the latter being usually turned towards the outside of the umbel . The flowers are succeeded by broadly ovate fruits, the mericarps (See also:

• HALF

half-fruits) having five ribs which, when mature, are waved or crenated; and when cut across the albumen is seen to be deeply furrowed on the inner See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, so as to exhibit in See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section a reniform outline . The fruits when triturated with a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of See also:

• CAUSTIC (Gr. rcavvraubs, burning)

caustic potash evolve a most unpleasant odour . See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

Hemlock is a virulent See also:

• POISON

poison, but it varies much in potency according to the conditions under which it has grown, and the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season or See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of growth at which it is gathered . In the first year the leaves have little See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, nor in the second are their properties See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed until the flowering See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, at which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, or later on when the fruits are fully grown, the plant should be gathered . The wild plant growing in exposed situations is to be preferred to See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden-grown samples, and is more potent in dry warm summers than in those which are dull and moist . The poisonous See also:

• PROPERTY

property of hemlock resides- chiefly in the See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid canine or conid which is found in both the fruits and the leaves, though in exceedingly small proportions in the latter .

See also:

• CONINE

Conine resembles See also:

• NICOTINE, C10H

nicotine in its deleterious See also:

• ACTION

action, but is much less powerful . No chemical antidote for it is known . The plant also yields a second less poisonous crystallizable base called conhydrine, which may be converted into conine by the See also:

• ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

abstraction of the elements of See also:

• WATER

water . When collected for medicinal purposes, for which both leaves and fruits are used, the former should be gathered at the time the plant is in full blossom, while the latter are said to possess the greatest degree of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy just before they ripen . The fruits are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source whence conine is prepared . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal forms in which hemlock is employed are the See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract and juice of hemlock, hemlock See also:

• POULTICE

poultice, and the See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture of hemlock fruits . Large doses produce vertigo, See also:

• NAUSEA (from Gr. vain, a ship)

nausea and See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis; but in smaller quantities, administered by skilful hands, it has a sedative action on the nerves . It has also some reputation as an alterative and resolvent, and as an See also:

• ANODYNE (from Gr. av-, privative, and oSi vo, pain)

anodyne . The acrid narcotic properties of the plant render it of some importance that one should be able to identify it, the more so as some of the compound-leaved umbellifers, which have a general similarity of See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance to it, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form wholesome See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food for See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and animals . Not only is this knowledge desirable to prevent the poisonous plant being detrimentally used in place of the wholesome one; it is equally important in the opposite See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, namely, to prevent the. inert being substituted for the remedial See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent . The plant with which hemlock is most likely to be confounded is Anthriscus sylvestris, or cow-See also:

• PARSLEY

parsley, the leaves of which are freely eaten by See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and rabbits; this plant, like the hemlock, has spotted stems but they are hairy, not hairless; it has much-divided leaves of the same general form, but they are downy and aromatic, not smooth and nauseous when bruised; and the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of Anthriscus is linear-oblong and not ovate .