See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY (1129-1195)  , surnamed the " See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion," See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, only son of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the Proud, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, and Gertrude, daughter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair the Saxon, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• RAVENSBURG

Ravensburg, and was a member of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• WELF

Welf . In 1138 the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad III. had sought to deprive Henry the Proud of his duchies, and when the duke died in the following See also:

• YEAR

year the interests of his See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young son were maintained in Saxony by his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, and his grandmother Richenza, widow of Lothair, and in Bavaria by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Welf VI . This struggle ended in May 1142 when Henry was invested as duke of Saxony at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, and Bavaria was given to Henry II., Jasomirgott, See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, who married his mother Gertrude . In 1147 he married Clementia, daughter of Conrad, duke of See also:

• ZAHRINGEN

Zahringen (d . 1152), and began to take an active See also:

• PART

part in administering his dukedom and extending its See also:

• AREA

area . He engaged in a successful expedition against the Abotrites, or Obotrites, in 1147, and won a considerable See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• LAND

land beyond the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe, in which were re-established the bishoprics of See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg,' See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg 2 and Ratzeburg . Hartwig, See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, wished these See also:

• SEES

sees to be under his authority, but Henry contested this claim, and won the right to invest these bishops himself, a See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege afterwards confirmed by the emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I . Henry, meanwhile, had not forgotten Bavaria . In 1147 he made a formal claim on this duchy, and in 1151 sought to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, but failing to obtain the aid of his uncle Welf, did not effect his purpose . The situation was changed in his favour when Frederick I., who was anxious to count the duke among his supporters, succeeded Conrad as German king in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1152 . Frederick was unable at first to persuade Henry Jasomirgott to abandon Bavaria, but in See also:

• JUNE

June 11 J4 he recognized the claim of Henry the Lion, who accompanied him on his first See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign and distinguished himself in suppressing a rising at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, Henry's formal See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture as duke of Bavaria taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1156 on the emperor's return to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Henry soon returned to Saxony, where he found full See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for his untiring See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy .

Adolph II., count of See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein, was compelled to cede See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck to him in 1158; See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in 1163 and 1164 See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat down further resistance of the Abotrites; and Saxon garrisons were established in the conquered lands . The duke was aided in this See also:

• WORK

work by the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of Valdemar I., king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, and, it is said, by engines of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war brought from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . During these years he had also helped Frederick I. in his expedition of 1157 against the Poles, and in See also:

• JULY

July 1159 had gone to his assistance in Italy, where he remained for about two years . The vigorous See also:

• MEASURES

measures taken by Henry to increase his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power aroused considerable opposition . In 1166 a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition was formed against him aL See also:

• MERSEBURG

Merseburg under the leadership of See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert the See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

Bear, margrave of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Hartwig . Neither See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side met with much success in the desultory warfare that ensued, and Frederick made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace between the combatants at See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg in June 1168 . Having obtained a See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce from his first wife in 1162, Henry was married at See also:

• MINDEN

Minden in February 1168 to See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda (1156-1189), daughter of Henry II., king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and was soon afterwards sent by the emperor Frederick I. on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of England and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . A war with Valdemar of Denmark, caused by a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel over the See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty obtained from ' The see was transferred to See also:

• SCHWERIN
• SCHWERIN, KURT CHRISTOPH, COUNT VON (1684–1757)

Schwerin by Henry in 1167 . 2 Transferred to Lubeck in 1163.the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• RUGEN

Rugen, engaged Henry's activity until June 1171, when, in pursuance of a treaty which restored peace, Henry's daughter, Gertrude, married the Danish See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, Canute . Henry, whose position was now very strong, made a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem in 1172, was received with See also:

• GREAT

great respect by the eastern emperor See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel See also:

• COMNENUS

Comnenus at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and returned to Saxony in 1173 . A variety of reasons were leading to a rupture in the harmonious relations between Frederick and Henry, whose increasing power could not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the emperor's See also:

• NOTICE

notice, and who showed little inclination to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice his interests in Germany in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to help the imperial cause in Italy . He was not pleased when he heard that his uncle, Well, had bequeathed his Italian and Swabian lands to the emperor, and the crisis came after Frederick's check before See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria in 1175 .

The emperor appealed personally to Henry for help in February, or See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1176, but Henry made no move in response, and his defection contributed in some measure to the emperor's defeat at See also:

• LEGNANO

Legnano . The peace of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice provided for the restoration of Ulalrich to his see of See also:

• HALBERSTADT

Halberstadt . Henry, however, refused to give up the lands which he had seized belonging to the bishopric, and this conduct provoked a war in which Ulalrich was soon joined by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, archbishop of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne . No attack on Henry appears to have been contemplated by Frederick to whom both parties carried their complaints, and a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was fixed for the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the dispute at See also:

• WORMS

Worms . But neither then, nor on two further occasions, did Henry appear to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer the charges preferred against him; accordingly in See also:

• JANUARY

January 118o he was placed under the imperial See also:

• BAN

ban at Wurzburg, and was declared deprived of all his lands . Meanwhile the war with Ulalrich continued, but after his victory at Weissensee Henry's See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies began to fall away, and his cause to decline . When Frederick took the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in June 1181 the struggle was soon over . Henry sought for peace, and the conditions were settled at See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1181, when he was granted the counties of See also:

• LUNEBURG

Luneburg and See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, but was banished under See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath not to return without the emperor's per-See also:

• MISSION

mission . In July 1182 he went to his See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, and afterwards to England, returning to Germany with Frederick's permission in 1185 . He was soon regarded once more as a menace to the peace of Germany, and of the three alternatives presented to him by the emperor in 1188 he rejected the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of. making a formal renunciation of his claim, or of participating in the crusade, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, going again to England in 1189 . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October of the same year, however, he returned to Saxony, excusing himself by asserting that his lands had not been defended according to the emperor's promise . He found many allies, took Lubeck, and soon almost the whole of Saxony was in his power .

King Henry VI. was obliged to take the field against him, after which the duke's cause declined, and in July 1190 a peace was arranged at See also:

• FULDA

Fulda, by which he retained Brunswick and Luneburg, received See also:

• HALF

half the revenues of Lubeck, and gave two of his sons as hostages . Still hoping to regain his former position, he took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of a See also:

• LEAGUE

league against Henry VI. in 1193 to engage in a further revolt; but the captivity of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-law See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I., king of England, led to a reconciliation . Henry passed his later years mainly at his See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Brunswick, where he died on the 6th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1195, and was buried in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• BLASIUS (or BLAisE), SAINT

Blasius which he had founded in the See also:

• TOWN

town . He had by his first wife a son and a daughter, and by his second wife five sons and a daughter . One of his sons was See also:

• OTTO

Otto, afterwards the emperor Otto IV., and another twas Henry (d . 1227) count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine . Henry was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of great ambition, and won his surname of " Lion " by his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal bravery . His See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the fortunes of Saxony and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Germany was very considerable . He planted Flemish and Dutch settlers in the land between the Elbe and the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, fostered the growth and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Lubeck, and in other ways encouraged trade and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . He sought to spread See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity by introducing the See also:

• CISTERCIANS

Cistercians, See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding bishoprics, and See also:

• BUILDING

building churches and monasteries . In 1874 a See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal statue was erected to his memory at Brunswick . The authorities for the See also:

• LIFE

life of Henry the Lion are those dealing a ith the reign of the emperor Frederick I., and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of his son King Henry VI .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORKS

works are H . See also:

• PRUTZ, HANS (1843– )
• PRUTZ, ROBERT EDUARD (1816-1872)

Prutz, Heinrich der See also:

• LOWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED (1796-1869)
• LOWE, SIR HUDSON (1769-1844)

Lowe (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1865); M . Philippson, Geschichte Ileinrichs See also:

• DES

des Lowers (Leipzig, 1867); and L . Weiland, Das sdchsische Herzogthum unter Lothar and Heinrich dem Lowen (Greifswald, 1866) .