See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• JOSEPH HENRY (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY (1797-1878)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, N.Y., on the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1797 . He received his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary school, and afterwards at the Albany See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, which enjoyed considerable reputation for the thoroughness of its classical and mathematical courses . On See also:

• FINISHING

finishing his See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic studies he contemplated adopting the medical profession, and prosecuted his studies in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy and See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology with that view . He occasionally contributed papers to the Albany See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, in the years 1824 and 1825, on chemical and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical subjects; and in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year, having been unexpectedly appointed assistant engineer on the survey of a route for a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state road from the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson See also:

• RIVER

river to See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie, a distance somewhat over 300 m., he at once embarked with zeal and success in the new enterprise . This diversion from his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent gave him an inclination to the career of See also:

• CIVIL

civil and mechanical See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering; and in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1826 he was elected by the trustees of the Albany Academy to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in that institution . In the latter See also:

• PART

part of 1827 he read before the Albany Institute his first important contribution," On Some Modifications of the Electro-Magnetic Apparatus." Struck with the See also:

• GREAT

great improvements then recently introduced into such apparatus by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

Sturgeon of See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich, he had still further extended their efficiency, with considerable reduction of See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, by adopting in all the experimental circuits (where applicable) the principle of J . S . C . Schweigger's " multiplier," that is, by substituting for single See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire circuits, voluminous coils (Trans . Albany Institute, 1827, 1, p . 22) . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1828 and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1829 he exhibited before the institute small electromagnets closely and repeatedly See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound with See also:

• SILK

silk-covered wire, which had a far greater lifting power than any then known .

See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry appears to have been the first to adopt insulated or silk-covered wire for the magnetic coil; and also the first to employ what may be called the " spool " winding for the limbs of the magnet . He was also the first to demonstrate experimentally the difference of See also:

• ACTION

action between what he called a " quantity " magnet excited by a " quantity " battery of a single pair, and an " intensity " magnet with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• FINE

fine wire coil excited by an " intensity " battery of many elements, having their resistances suitably proportioned . He painted out that the latter See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form alone was applicable to telegraphic purposes . A detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of these experiments and exhibitions was not, however, published till 1831 (See also:

• SILL
• SILL (O.Eng. syl, Mid. E. sylle, selle; the word appears in Icel. syll, svill, Swed. syll, and Dan. syld, and in German, as Schwelle; Skeat refers to the Teutonic root swal-, swell, the word meaning the rise or swell formed by a beam at a threshold; the L
• SILL, EDWARD ROWLAND (1841-1887)

Sill . Journ., 19, p . 400) . Henry's " quantity " magnets acquired considerable celebrity at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, from their uneprecedented attractive power—one (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 183o) lifting 750 lb, another (March 1831) 2300, and a third (1834) 3500 . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1831 he arranged a small See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office-See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell to be tapped by the polarized See also:

• ARMATURE (from Lat. armatura, armour)

armature of an " intensity " magnet, whose coil was in continuation of a mile of insulated See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper wire, suspended about one of the rooms of his academy . This was the first instance of magnetizing See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron at a distance, or of a suitable See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of magnet and battery being so arranged as to be capable of such action . It was, therefore, the earliest example of a true " magnetic " See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph, all preceding experiments to this end having been on the See also:

• GALVANOMETER

galvanometer or See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle principle . About the same time he devised and constructed the first electromagnetic See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine with automatic polechanger (Sill . Journ., 1831, 20, p .

340; and Sturgeon's See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals Electr., 1839, 3, p . 554) . Early in 1832 he discovered the See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction of a current on itself, in a long helical wire, giving greatly increased intensity of See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge (Sill . Journ., 1832, 22, p . 408) . In 1832 he was elected to the chair of natural philosophy in the New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at See also:

• PRINCETON

Princeton . In 1834 he continued and extended his researches " On the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

Influence of a See also:

• SPIRAL

Spiral Conductor in increasing the Intensity of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

Electricity from a Galvanic Arrangement of a Single Pair," a memoir of which was read before the American Philosophical Society on the 5th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1835 . In 1835 he combined the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of his See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster magnet (of 1834) with the small " intensity " magnet of an experimental telegraph wire, thereby establishing the fact that very powerful mechanical effects could be produced at a great distance by the agency of a very feeble magnet used as a circuit maker and breaker, or as a " trigger "—the precursor of later forms of relay and receiving magnets . In 1837 he paid his first visit to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . In 1838 he made important investigations in regard to the conditions and range of induction from See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical currents—showing that induced currents, although merely momentary, produce still other or See also:

• TERTIARY

tertiary currents, and thus on through successive orders of induction, with alternating signs, and with reversed initial and terminal signs . He also discovered similar successive orders of induction in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the passage of frictional electricity (Trans . Am: Phil .

See also:

• SOC

Soc., 6, pp . 303-337) . Among many See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor observations, he discovered in 1842 the oscillatory nature of the electrical discharge, magnetizing about a thousand needles in the course of his experiments (Proc . Am . Phil . Soc., 1, p . 301) . He traced the influence of induction to surprising distances, magnetizing needles in the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house through several intervening floors by means of electrical discharges in the upper story, and also by the secondary current in a wire 220 ft. distant from the wire of the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary circuit . The five See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of his Contributions to Electricity and See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

Magnetism (1835–1842) were separately republished from the Transactions . In 1843 he made some interesting original observations on "See also:

• PHOSPHORESCENCE

Phosphorescence" (Prot . Am . Phil.Soc.,3, pp.38-44) .

In 1844, by experiments on the tenacity of See also:

• SOAP

soap-bubbles, he showed that the molecular cohesion of See also:

• WATER

water is equal (if not See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior) to that of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, and hence, generally, that solids and their liquids have practically the same amount of cohesion (Prot . Am . Phil . Soc., 4, pp . 56 and 84) . In 1845 he showed, by means of a thermo-galvanometer, that the See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar spots radiate less See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat than the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general solar See also:

• SURFACE

surface (Proc . Am . Phil . Soc., 4, pp . 173-176) . In December 1846 Henry was elected secretary and director of the Smithsonian Institution, then just established . While closely occupied with the exacting duties of that office, he still found time to prosecute many original inquiries—as into the application of See also:

• ACOUSTICS (from the Gr. &eobav to hear)

acoustics to public buildings, and the best construction and arrangement of lecture-rooms, into the strength of various See also:

• BUILDING

building materials, &c .

Having early devoted much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• METEOROLOGY (Gr. JerEwpa, and hb'yos, i.e. the science of things in the air)

meteorology; both in observing and in reducing, and discussing observations, he (among his first administrative acts) organized a large and widespread See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of observers, and made arrangements for simultaneous reports by means of the electric telegraph, which was yet in its See also:

• INFANCY

infancy (See also:

• SMITHSON, HENRIETTA CONSTANCE (1800-1854)
• SMITHSON, JAMES (1765-1829)

Smithson . See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report for 1847, pp . 146, 147) . He was the first to apply the telegraph to meteorological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, to have the atmospheric conditions daily indicated on a large See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, to utilize the generalizations made in See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather forecasts, and to embrace a See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent under a single See also:

• SYSTEM

system—See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• AMERICA

America and See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico being included in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of observation . In 1852, on the reorganization of the American lighthouse system, he was appointed a member of the new See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board; and in 1871 he became the presiding officer of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment—a position he continued to hold during the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life . His diligent investigations into the efficiency of various illuminants in differing circumstances, and into the best conditions for developing their several maximum See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of brilliancy, while greatly improving the usefulness of the See also:

• LINE

line of beacons along theextensive See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, effected at the same time a great See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . His equally careful experiments on various acoustic See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments also resulted in giving to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country the most serviceable system of See also:

• FOG

fog-signals known to maritime powers . In the course of these varied and prolonged researches from 1865 to 1877, he also made important contributions to the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of acoustics; and he established by several See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of laborious observations, extending over many years and along a wide coast range, the correctness of G . G . See also:

• STOKES, SIR G
• STOKES, SIR GEORGE GABRIEL, BART
• STOKES, WHITLEY (1830-1909)

Stokes's See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis (Report Brit . Assoc., 1857, part ii . 27) that the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind exerts a very marked influence in refracting See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound-beams .

From 1868 Henry continued to be annually chosen as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Academy of Sciences; and he was also president of the Philosophical Society of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington from the date of its organization in 1871 . Henry was by general concession the foremost of American physicists . He was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of varied culture, of large breadth and liberality of views, of generous impulses, of great gentleness and See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy of manner, combined with equal firmness of purpose and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of action . He died at Washington on the 13th of May 1878 . (S . F .