See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)  , See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia . His See also:

• FATHER

father held high military command under the emperor See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, and as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa maintained his See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence against the usurper See also:

• PHOCAS

Phocas (q.v.) . When invited to See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion against the latter, he sent his son with a See also:

• FLEET

fleet which reached See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople unopposed, and precipitated the dethronement of Phocas . Proclaimed emperor, See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius set himself to reorganize the utterly disordered See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . At first he found himself helpless before the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian armies (see See also:

• PERSIA

PERSIA: See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient See also:

• HISTORY

History; and CHOSaoES II.) of See also:

• CHOSROES

Chosroes II., which conquered See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and since 616 had encamped opposite Constantinople; in 618 he even proposed in despair to abandon his See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and seek a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, but at the entreaty of the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch he took courage . By securing a See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan from the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church and suspending the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn-See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution at Constantinople, he raised sufficient funds for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and after making a treaty with the See also:

• AVARS

Avars, who had nearly surprised the capital during an incursion in 619, he was at last able to take the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field against Persia . During his first expedition (622) he failed to secure a footing in See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, whence he had hoped to take the Persians in flank, but by his unwearied See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy he restored the discipline and efficiency of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . In his second See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign (624-26) he penetrated into Armenia and See also:

• ALBANIA

Albania, and See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat the enemy in the open field . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay at Constantinople,which his son See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine had successfully defended against renewed incursions by the Avars, Heraclius resumed his attacks upon the Persians (627) . Though deserted by the See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars, with whom he had made an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance upon entering into See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus,; he gained a decisive See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage by a brilliant See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march across the Armenian See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands into the See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, and a hard-fought victory over Chosroes' See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, Shahrbaraz, in which Heraclius distinguished himself by his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal bravery . A subsequent revolution at the Persian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court led to the dethronement of Chosroes in favour of his son See also:

• KAVADH (KABADES, KAUADES)

Kavadh II . (q.v.); the new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king promptly made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the emperor, whose troops were already advancing upon the Persian capital See also:

• CTESIPHON

Ctesiphon (628) .

Having thus secured his eastern frontier, Heraclius returned to Constantinople with ample spoils, including the true See also:

• CROSS

cross, which in 629 he brought back in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . On the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern frontier of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire he kept the Avars in check by inducing the Serbs to migrate from the Carpathians to the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan lands so as to divert the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the Avars . The triumphs which Heraclius had won through his own energy and skill did not bring him lasting popularity . In his See also:

• CIVIL

civil administration he followed out his own ideas without deferring to the nobles or the Church, and the opposition which he encountered from these quarters went far to paralyse his attempts at reform . Worn out by continuous fighting and weakened by See also:

• DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, derived from the Gr. 154w¢; i Swp, water, and appearance)

dropsy, Heraclius failed to show sufficient energy against the new peril that menaced his eastern provinces towards the end of his reign . In 629 the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens made their first incursion into Syria (see See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section A, § 1); in 636 they won a notable victory on the Yermuk (Hieromax), and in the following years conquered all Syria, See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine and Egypt . Heraclius made no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to retrieve the misfortunes of his generals, but evacuated his possessions in sullen despair . The remaining years of his See also:

• LIFE

life he devoted to theological See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation and ecclesiastical reforms . His religious See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm led him to oppress his Jewish subjects; on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand he sought to reconcile the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian sects, and to this effect propounded in his Ecthesis a conciliatory See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of monothelism . Heraclius died of his disease in 642 . He had been twice married; his second See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, with his niece Martina, was frequently made a See also:

• MATTER

matter of reproach to him . In spite of his partial failures, Heraclius must be regarded as one of the greatest of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine emperors, and his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns were the means of saving the See also:

• REALM

realm from almost certain destruction .