See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, See also:

• HERAULT

herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call, or hariwald, See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, have been proposed; the Gr. See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent is Kddpvi : See also:

• LAT

Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)  , in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquities, the See also:

• TERM

term for the officials described below; in See also:

• MODERN

modern usage, while the word " See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald " is often used generally in a sense analogous to that of the ancients, it is more specially restricted to that dealt with in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• HERALDRY

HERALDRY . The Greek heralds, who claimed descent from See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, the messenger of the gods, through his son Keryx, were public functionaries of high importance in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times . Like Hermes they carried a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive or See also:

• LAUREL

laurel See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood surrounded by two See also:

• SNAKES

snakes (or with See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool as messengers of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace); their persons were inviolable; and they formed a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of priesthood or See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation . In the Homeric See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, they summoned the assemblies of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, at which they preserved See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and silence; See also:

• PRO

pro-claimed See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war; arranged the cessation of hostilities and the conclusion of peace; and assisted at public sacrifices and banquets . They also performed certain See also:

• MENIAL

menial offices for the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings (mixing and pouring out the See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine for the guests), by whom they were treated as confidential servants . In later times, their position was a less See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable one; they were recruited from the poorer classes, and were mostly paid servants of the various officials . See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux in his Onomasticon distinguishes four classes of heralds: (I) the sacred heralds at the Eleusinian mysteries;' (2) the heralds at the public See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, who announced the names of the competitors and victors; (3) those who super-intended the arrangements of festal processions; (4) those who proclaimed goods for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market (for which purpose they mounted a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone), and gave See also:

• NOTICE

notice of lost See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children and run-away slaves . To these should be added (5) the heralds of the See also:

• BOULE (Gr. 0ovXi ,, literally " will," " advice "; hence a " council ")

boule and demos, who summoned the members of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

ecclesia, recited the See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer before the opening of the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, called upon the orators to speak, counted the votes and announced the results; (6) the heralds of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, who gave notice of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of trials and summoned the parties . The heralds received See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment from the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and See also:

• FREE

free meals together with the officials to whom they were attached . Their See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was subject to some kind of examination, probably of the quality of their See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice . Like the earlier heralds, they were also employed in negotiations connected with war and peace . Among the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans the praecones or " criers " exercised their profession both in private and See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official business .

As private criers they were especially concerned with See also:

• AUCTIONS

auctions; they advertized the time, See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and conditions of sale, called out the various bids, and like the modern auctioneer varied the proceedings with jokes . They gave notice in the streets of things that had been lost, and took over various commissions, such as funeral arrangements . Although the calling was held in little estimation, some of these criers amassed See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . The state criers, who were mostly freedmen and well paid, formed the lowest class of apparitores (attendants on various magistrates) . On the whole, their functions resembled those of the Greek heralds . They called the popular assemblies together, proclaimed silence and made known the result of the voting; in judicial cases, they summoned the See also:

• PLAINTIFF

plaintiff, See also:

• DEFENDANT

defendant, See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates and witnesses; in criminal executions they gave out the reasons for the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment and called on the executioner to perform his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty; they invited the people to the games and announced the names of the victors . Public criers were also employed at state auctions in the municipia and colonies, but, according to the lex Julia municipalis of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, they were prohibited from holding See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . Amongst the Romans the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of matters See also:

• RELATING

relating to war and peace was entrusted to a See also:

• SPECIAL

special class of heralds called Fetiales (not Feciales), a word of uncertain See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology, possibly connected with fateor, fart, and meaning " the speakers." They formed a priestly See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of 20 (or r5) members, the institution of which was ascribed to one of the kings . They were chosen from the most distinguished families, held office for See also:

• LIFE

life, and filled up vacancies in their number by co-optation . Their duties were to demand redress for insult or injury to the state, to declare war unless See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction was obtained within a certain number of days and to conclude See also:

• TREATIES

treaties of peace . A deputation of four (or two), one of whom was called See also:

• PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894)

pater patratus, wearing priestly garments, with sacred herbs plucked from the Capitoline See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in front, proceeded to the frontier of the enemy's territory and demanded the surrender of the guilty party . This demand was called clarigatio (perhaps from its being made in a loud, clear voice) .

If no satisfactory See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer was given within 30 days, the deputation returned to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and made a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report . If war was decided upon, the deputation again repaired to the frontier, pronounced a solemn formula, and hurled a charred and See also:

• BLOOD

blood-stained See also:

• JAVELIN

javelin across the frontier, in the presence of three witnesses, which was tantamount to a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war (See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy 24, 32) . Withthe See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, it became impossible to carry out this ceremonial, for which was substituted the hurling of a javelin over a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column near the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• BELLONA (originally DUELLONA)

Bellona in the direction of the enemy's territory . When the termination of a war was decided upon, the fetiales either made an arrangement for the suspension of hostilities for a definite term of years, after which the war recommenced automatically or they concluded a solemn treaty with the enemy . Conditions of peace or See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance proposed by the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general on his own responsibility (sponsio) were not binding upon the people, and in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of rejection the general, with hands See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, was delivered by the fetiales to the enemy (Livy ix. ro) . But if the terms were agreed to, a deputation carrying the sacred herbs and the See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint stones, kept in the temple of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter Feretrius for sacrificial purposes, met a deputation of fetiales from the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . After the conditions of the treaty had been read, the sacrificial formula was pronounced and the victims slain by a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from a stone (hence the expression foedus ferire) . The treaty was then signed and handed over to the keeping of the fetial college . These ceremonies usually took place in Rome, but in 201 a deputation of fetiales went to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa to ratify the conclusion of peace with See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage . From that time little is heard of the fetiales, although they appear to have existed till the end of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . The caducealor (from See also:

• CADUCEUS (the Lat. adaptation of the Doric Gr. KapvKewv, Attic /070K CAI)

caduceus, the latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of I67Puueiop) was the name of a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who was sent to treat for peace . His person was considered sacred; and like the fetiales he carried the sacred herbs, instead of the caduceus, which was not in use amongst the Romans .

For the Greek heralds, see Ch . Ostermann, De praeconibus Graecorum (1845); for the Roman Praecones, See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht, i . 363 (3rd ed., 1887); also article PRAECONES in Pauly's Realencyclopadie (1852 edition); for the Fetiales, mono-graphs by F . C . Conradi (1734, containing all the necessary material), and G . Fusinato (1884, from Atli See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta R . Accad. dei Lincei, See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series iii. vol . 13) ; also See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, ROmische Staatsverwaltung, iii . 415 (3rd ed., 1885), and A . See also:

• WEISS, BERNHARD (1827– . )

Weiss in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquites . (J . H .