See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

HERMANN OF WIED (1477-1552)  , elector and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, was the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth son of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Wied (d . 1487), and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 14th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1477 . Educated for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, he became elector and archbishop in 1515, and ruled his electorate with vigour and intelligence, taking up at first an attitude of hostility towards the reformers and their teaching . A See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the papacy turned, or helped to turn, his thoughts in the direction of Church reform, but he hoped this would come from within rather than from without, and with the aid of his friend See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Gropper (1503-1559), began, about 1536, to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute certain reforms in his own See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese . One step led to another, and as all efforts at See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union failed the elector invited See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• BUCER (or BuTZER), MARTIN (1491-1551)

Bucer to Cologne in 1542 . Supported by the estates of the electorate, and relying upon the See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess of the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg in 1541, he encouraged Bucer to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press on with the See also:

• WORK

work of reform, and in 1543' invited See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon to his assistance . His See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion was hailed with See also:

• GREAT

great joy by the Protestants, and the See also:

• LEAGUE

league of See also:

• SCHMALKALDEN

Schmalkalden declared they were resolved to defend him; but the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in the electorate received checks from the victory of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. over See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CLEVES (Ger. Cleve or Kleve)

Cleves, and the hostility of the citizens of Cologne . Summoned both before the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, the elector was deposed and excommunicated by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III. in 1546 . He resigned his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1547, and retired to Wied . See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann, who was also a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader)

Paderborn from 1532 to 1547, died on the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1552 . See C . Varrentrapp, Hermann von Wied (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1878) .

HERMANN, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

BENEDICT WILHELM VON (1795-1868), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German economist, was born on the 5th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1795, at See also:

• DINKELSBUHL

Dinkelsbuhl in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria . After See also:

• FINISHING

finishing his See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• EDUCATION

education he was for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time employed in a draughtsman's office . He then resumed his studies, partly at the gymnasium in his native See also:

• TOWN

town, partly at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen and See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg . In ,817 he took up a private school at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg, where he remained for four years . After filling an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as teacher of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics at the gymnasium of Erlangen, he became in 1823 Privatdozent at the university in that town . His inaugural dissertation was on the notions of See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy among the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans (Dissertatio exhibens sententias Romanorum ad oeconomiam politicam pertinentes, Erlangen, 1823) . He after-wards acted as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of mathematics at the gymnasium and See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic school in Nuremberg, where he continued till 1827 . During his stay there he published an elementary See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic and See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra (Lehrbuch der Arith. u . Algeb., 1826), and made a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to inspect the organization and conduct of technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The results of his investigation were published in 1826 and 1828 (Uber technische Unterrichts-Anstalten) . Soon after his return from France he was made professor extraordinarius of political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of the university of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, and in 1833 he was advanced to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary professor . In 1832 appeared the first edition of his great work on political economy, Staatswirthschaftliche Untersuchungen .

In 1835 he was made member of the Royal Bavarian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences . From the See also:

• YEAR

year 1836 he acted as inspector of technical instruction in Bavaria, and made frequent journeys to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to study the methods there pursued . In the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state service of Bavaria, to which he devoted himself, he See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose rapidly . In 1837 he was placed on the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council for superintendence of church and school work; in 1839 he was entrusted with the direction of the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau of See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics; in 1845 he was one of the councillors for the interior; in 1848 he sat as member for Munich in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort . In this assembly Hermann, with Johann Heckscher and others, was mainly instrumental in organizing the so-called " Great German " party, and was selected as one of the representatives of their views at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Warmly supporting the customs union (See also:

• ZOLLVEREIN (Ger. Zoll, toll, customs, and Verein, union)

Zollverein), he acted in 1851 as one of its commissioners at the great See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition at See also:

• LONDON

London, and published an elaborate See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the woollen goods . Three years later he was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges at the similar exhibition at Munich, and the report of its proceedings was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by him . In 1855 he became councillor of state, the highest See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in the service . From 1835 to 1847 he contributed a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of reviews, mainly of See also:

• WORKS

works on economical subjects, to the Munchener gelehrte Anzeigen and also wrote for See also:

• RAU, KARL HEINRICH (1792-1870)

Rau's Archiv der politischen Okonomie and the Augsburger allgemeine Zeitung . As See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the bureau of statistics he published a series of valuable See also:

• ANNUAL

annual reports (Beitrage zur Statistik See also:

• DES

des Konigreichs Bayern, Hefte 1-17, 1850—1867) . He was engaged at the time of his See also:

• DEATH

death, on the 23rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November '868, upon a second edition of his Staatswirthschaftliche Untersuchungen, which was published in 1870 . Hermann's rare technological knowledge gave him a great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in dealing with some economic questions .

He reviewed the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal fundamental ideas of the science with great thoroughness and acuteness . " His strength," says See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher, " lies in his clear, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, exhaustive distinction between the several elements of a complex conception, or the several steps comprehended in a complex See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act." For keen See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power his German brethren compare him with See also:

• RICARDO, DAVID (1772-1823)

Ricardo . But he avoids several one-sided views of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English economist . Thus he places public spirit beside See also:

• EGOISM (from Gr. and Lat. ego, I, the 1st personal pronoun)

egoism as an economic motor, regards See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price as not measured by labour only but as a product of several factors, and habitually contemplates the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption of the labourer, not as a See also:

• PART

part of the cost of See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production to the capitalist, but as the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical end of See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics . See Kautz, Gesch . Eniwicklung d . National-Okonomik, pp . 633-638 ; Roscher, Gesch. d . Nat.-Okon. in Deutschland, pp . 86o-879 .