See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]  , a See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire, N.W. by See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire, E. by See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, S. by See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex, and S.W. by See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire . The See also:

• AREA

area is 634.6 sq. m., the county being the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth smallest in England . Its aspect is always pleasant, the See also:

• SURFACE

surface generally undulating, while in some parts, where these undulations See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of hills and valleys, the woodland scenery becomes very beautiful, as in the upper See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea valley, in the neighbourhood of Tewin near See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford, and elsewhere . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and north considerable elevations are reached, a See also:

• LINE

line of hills, facing north-westward with a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp descent, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing this portion of the county, and overlooking the fiat lands of Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire . They continue the line of the Chiltern Hills under the name of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Anglian See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge . They exceed Boo ft. near See also:

• DUNSTABLE

Dunstable, sinking gradually north-eastward . These uplands are generally See also:

• BARE

bare, and in parts remarkably sparsely populated as compared with the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home counties at large . In the greater See also:

• PART

part of the county, however, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich arable lands are inter-mingled with the parks and woodlands of numerous See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country seats, which impart to the county a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar luxuriance . Of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the Lea, rising beyond See also:

• LUTON

Luton in Bedfordshire,enters See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire near East See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde, flows S.E. to near See also:

• HATFIELD

Hatfield, then E. by N. to Hertford and See also:

• WARE

Ware, whence it bends S. and passing along the eastern boundary of the county falls into the See also:

• THAMES

Thames below See also:

• LONDON

London . It receives in its course the Maran, or Mimram, the Beane, the See also:

• RIB (from 0. Eng. ribb; the word appears' in many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Rippe, Swed. reb)

Rib and the Stort, all joining on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; the Stort for some distance forming the county boundary with Essex . The See also:

• COLNE

Colne flows through the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western part of the county, to fall into the Thames at See also:

• STAINES

Staines . It receives the Ver, the Bulborne and the See also:

• CHESS

Chess .

The Ivel, rising in the N.W. soon passes into Bedfordshire to join the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• OUSE

Ouse . To the south of Hatfield, near North Mimms, two streams of moderate See also:

• SIZE

size are lost in pot-holes, except in the highest floods: The New See also:

• RIVER

River, one of the See also:

• WATER

water supplies of London, has its source near Ware, and runs roughly parallel with the Lea . Most of the rivers are full of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, including See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout in the upper parts (of the Lea and Colne especially), which are carefully preserved . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The rocks of Hertfordshire belong to the shallow syncline known as the London See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, the beds dipping in a south-easterly direction . The two most important formations are the See also:

• CHALK

Chalk, which forms the high ground in the north and west; and the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene See also:

• READING

Reading beds and London See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay which occupy the remaining See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the county . On the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern boundary, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the chalk hills, a small See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• GAULT

Gault Clay and the Upper See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand above it falls just within the county . The lowest subdivision of the chalk is the Chalk See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl, which with the Totternhoe See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone above it, lies at the See also:

• BASE

base of the Chalk escarpment, by See also:

• ASHWELL, LENA (1872— )

Ashwell, Pirton and Miswell to See also:

• TRING

Tring . Above these beds, the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Chalk, without flints, rises up sharply to form the See also:

• DOWNS

downs which are the easterly continuation of the Chiltern Hills . Next comes the Chalk See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock, which being a hard See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, lies near the hilltops by Boxrnoor, Apsley End and near Baldock . The Upper Chalk slopes southward towards the Eocene boundary previously mentioned . The Reading beds consist of mottled and yellow See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and sands, the latter are frequently hardened into masses made up of pebbles in a siliceous See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, known locally as Hertfordshire puddingstone . The London Clay, a stiff See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue clay which weathers See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, rests nearly everywhere upon the Reading beds .

Outliers of Eocene rocks See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on the chalk at Micklefield See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, Sarrat, Bedmont, &c . The Chalk is often covered by the Clay-with-flints, a detrital See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, formed of the remnants of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary rocks and Chalk . Glacial gravels, clays and barns See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of the whole area, and the Upper Chalk itself has been disturbed at See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

Reed and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

Barley by the same agency . Chalk was formerly used for See also:

• BUILDING

building purposes; it is now burned for See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime . Reading beds and London clay are dug for brickmaking at See also:

• WATFORD

Watford, Hertford and Hatfield . Phosphatic nodules have been excavated from the base of tha Chalk Marl at several places along the outcrop; the Marlys worked for cement . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture: The climate is mild, dry and generally healthy . On this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account London physicians were formerly accustomed to recommend the county to persons in weak See also:

• HEALTH

health, and it was so much coveted by the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and wealthy as a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence that it was a See also:

• COMMON

common saying that " he who See also:

• BUYS

buys a home in Hertfordshire pays two years' See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase for the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air." Of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area about four-fifths is under cultivation, and of this more than one-third is in permanent pasture . The principal See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, occupying about two-fifths of the area under See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, but gradually decreasing . The varieties mostly grown are See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, and they are unsurpassed by those of any See also:

• ENGLISH

English county . Wheatharnpstead on the upper Lea receives its name from the fine quality of the wheat grown in that See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Barley is largely used in the county for malting purposes .

Vetches are grown for the London stables, and the greater part of the permanent grass is used for See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay . There are some very rich pastures on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Stort, and also near See also:

• RICKMANSWORTH

Rickmansworth on the Colne . Some two-thirds of the area occupied by green crops is under turnips, swedes and mangolds, many cows being kept for the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter to London . The quantity of stock is generally small, but increasing except in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, of which the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers have greatly decreased . Of cows the most common breed is the See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk variety; of sheep, Southdowns, Wiltshires and a See also:

• CROSS

cross between Cotteswolds and Leicesters . In the south-west large quantities of cherries, apples and strawberries are grown for the London See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market; and on the best soils near London vegetables are forced by the aid of manure, and more than one crop is sometimes obtained in a See also:

• YEAR

year . A considerable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry lies in the growth of watercresses in the pure water of the upper parts of the rivers and of the Lea was. included in the Danelaw; in 911 See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder erected forts on both sides of the river at Hertford . After the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William advanced on Hertford-See also:

• SHIRE

shire and ravaged as far as See also:

• BERKHAMPSTEAD (GREAT BERFHANPSTEAD)

Berkhampstead, where the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest received its formal ratification . In the sweeping See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of estates which followed, the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was generously endowed, the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St Albans alone holding 172 hides, while See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Eustace of See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant, held a vast See also:

• FIEF

fief in the north-east of the county . Large estates were held by See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey de See also:

• MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733)
• MANDEVILLE, GEOFFREY DE (d. 1144)

Mandeville, and the See also:

• BARONY

barony of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter de Valognes, See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff of the county in ro86, though extending over six counties in the east of England, was returned in 1166 as a Hertfordshire barony . Berkhampstead was the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour carved from the fief of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert of See also:

• MORTAIN

Mortain . The Hertfordshire estates, however, for the most part changed hands very frequently and the county is noticeably lacking in historic families .

See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT (1834-1906)

Langley, fifth son of Edward III., was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's Langley in this county . During the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and his barons, William, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury and Falkes de See also:

• BREAUTE, FALKES DE (d. 1226)

Breaute had the king's orders to ravage Hertfordshire, and in .1216 Hertford See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle was captured and Berkhampstead Castle besieged by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, who had come over by invitation of the barons . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the rising of 1381 the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot's tenants See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke into the abbey of St Albans and forced the abbot to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant them a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter . During the See also:

• WARS

Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI. was defeated at St Albans in 1455; at the second battle of St Albans the earl of See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick was defeated by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret; and in 1471 Edward IV. again defeated the earl at See also:

• BARNET

Barnet . On the outbreak of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil War of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, Hertfordshire joined with Bedfordshire and Essex in petitioning for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and St Albans again played an important part in the struggle, being at different times the headquarters of Essex and See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax . As a shire Hertfordshire is of purely military origin, being the district assigned to the fortress which Edward the Elder erected at Hertford . It is first mentioned in the Saxon See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle in rot 1 . At the time of the Domesday Survey the boundaries were approximately those of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, but part of Meppershall in Bedfordshire formed a detached portion of the shire and is still assessed for See also:

• LAND

land and income tax in Hertfordshire . Of the nine Domesday hundreds, those of Danais and Tring were consolidated about 1200 under the name of Dacorum; the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Cashio, from being held by the abbots of St Albans, was known as Albaneston, while the remaining six hundreds correspond approximately both in name and extent with those of the present day . Hertfordshire was originally divided between the dioceses of London and See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln . In 1291 that part included in the Lincoln See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese formed part of the archdeaconry of Huntingdom and comprised the deaneries of Berkhampstead, See also:

• HITCHIN

Hitchin, Hertford and Baldock; and the archdeaconry and deanery of St Albans; while that part within the London diocese formed the deanery of Braughing within the archdeaconry of Middlesex . In 1535 the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of St Albans had been transferred to the London diocese, the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division being otherwise unchanged .

In 1846 the whole county was placed within the diocese of See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester and archdeaconry of St Albans, and in the next year the deaneries of Welwyn, See also:

• BENNINGTON

Bennington, Buntingford, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Stortford and Ware were created, and that of Braughing abolished . In 1864 the archdeaconries of Rochester and St Albans were See also:

• UNITED

united under - the name of the archdeaconry of Rochester and St Albans . Jn 1878 the county was placed in the newly created diocese of Sr Albans, and formed the archdeaconry of St Albans, the deaneries being unchanged . Hertfordshire was closely associated with Essex from the time of its first See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, and the counties paid a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• FEE

fee-See also:

• FARM

farm and were united under one sheriff until 1565; the shire-See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court being held at Hertford . The hundred of St Albans was at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date constituted a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, with See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent courts and coroners under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control- of the abbot; it' preserved a separate See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of the peace until 1874, when by See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament the county was arranged in two divisions, the eastern division the smaller streams . There are a number of See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose-gardens and nurseries . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The manufacturing industries are slight; though the great See also:

• BREWING

brewing establishments at Watford may be mentioned, and See also:

• STRAW

straw-plaiting, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-making, See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach-building, tanning and See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-making are carried on in various towns . Communications.—Owing to its proximity to the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis, Hertfordshire is particularly well served by See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . On the eastern border there is the Great Eastern (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge line) with branches to Hertford and to Buntingford . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of the Great Northern passes through the centre by Hatfield, See also:

• STEVENAGE

Stevenage and Hitchin, with branches from Hatfield to Hertford, to St Albans and to Luton and Dunstable, and from Ilitchin to Baldock, See also:

• ROYSTON

Royston and so to Cambridge . The Midland passes through St Albans and See also:

• HARPENDEN

Harpenden, with a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to Hemel Hempstead . The London & North-Western traverses the south-west by Watford, Berkhampstead and Tring, with branches to Rickmansworth and to St Albans .

The See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan & Great Central joint line serves Rickmansworth, and suburban lines of the Great Northern the Barnet district . The existence of these communications has combined with the natural attractions of the county to cause many villages to become large residential centres . Water communications are supplied from Hertford, Ware and Bishop Stortford, southward to the Thames by the Lea and Stort See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation; and the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Junction See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal from London to the north-west traverses the south-western corner of the county by Rickmansworth and Berkhampstead . Three' great highways from London to the north See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the county . The See also:

• HOLYHEAD (Caergybi, the fort of Cybi, the saint mentioned by Matthew Arnold as meeting St Seiriol of Penm6n, Anglesey)

Holyhead Road passes Chipping Barnet, South Mimms and St Albans, quitting the county near Dunstable . The Great North Road branches from the Holyhead Road at Barnet, and passes See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

Potter's See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar, Hatfield, Stevenage and Baldock, with a branch from Welwyn to- Hitchin and beyond . Another road follows the Lea valley to Ware, whence it runs to Royston, being here coincident with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ERMINE

Ermine See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street and known as the Old North Road . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 406,157 acres with a population in 1891 of 220,162, and in 1901 of 250,152 . The area of the administrative county is 404,518 acres . The county comprises eight hundreds . The municipal boroughs are: Hemel Hempstead (11,264), Hertford 9322), St Albans, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (16,019) . The other See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are: Baldock (2057), Barnet (7876), Berkhampstead (Great Berkhampstead, 5140), Bishop Stortford (7143), Bushey (4564), See also:

• CHESHUNT

Cheshunt (12,292), East Barnet Valley (10,094), Harpenden (4725), Hitchin (10,072), See also:

• HODDESDON

Hoddesdon (4711), Rickmansworth (5627), Royston (3517), Sawbridgeworth (2085), Stevenage (3957), Tring (4349), Ware (5573) and Watford (29,327) .

The county is in the home See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Hertford . It has two courts of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter-sessions, and is divided into 15 See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty-sessional divisions . The boroughs of Hertford and St Albans have separate commissions of the peace . The total number of civil parishes is 158 . All the civil parishes within 12 M. of, or in which no portion is more than 15 M. from, Charing Cross, London, are included in the metropolitan See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police district . The county contains 170 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part; it is nearly all in the diocese of St Albans, but small parts are in the dioceses of See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and London . It is divided into four See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions—Northern or Hitchin, Eastern or Hertford, See also:

• MID

Mid or St Albans, Western or Watford, each returning one member . There is no parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough within the county . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

Relics of Saxon occupation have been found in Hertfordshire for the most part near St Albans and Hitchin . The diocesan limits show that part of the shire was included in the West Saxon See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . The East See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, as early as the 6th century, were settled about Hertford, which in 673 was sufficiently important to be the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod convened by See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, while in 675 the Witenagemot assembled at a place which has been identified with Hatfield . In the 9th century the district was frequently visited by the Danes; and after the peace of See also:

• WEDMORE, FREDERICK (1844— )

Wedmore the country east being named Hertford, and the western the liberty of St Albans .

These divisions have since been abolished . Hertfordshire has always been an agricultural county, with few manufactures, and at the time of the Domesday Survey its See also:

• WEALTH

wealth was derived almost entirely from its rural manors, with their water meadows, woodlands, See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries paying See also:

• RENT

rent in eels, and water-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, the shire on its eastern side being noticeably See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste land . In See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman times the woollen See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was considerable, and the great corn market at Royston has been famous since the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . At the time of the Civil War the malting industry was largely carried on, and See also:

• SALTPETRE (from the Lat. sal, salt, Petra, a rock)

saltpetre was produced in the county . In the 17th century Hertfordshire was famous for its horses, and the 18th century saw the introduction of several See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor industries, such as straw-plaiting, paper-making and See also:

• SILK

silk See also:

• WEAVING

weaving . In 1290 Hertfordshire returned two members to parliament, and in 1298 the borough of Hertford was represented . St Albans, Bishop Stortford and Berkhampstead acquired See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in the 14th century, but from 1375 to 1553 no returns were made for the boroughs . St Albans regained representation in 1J53 and Hertford in 1623 . Under the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned three members . St Albans was disfranchised on account of See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery in 1852 . Hertford lost one member in 1868, and was disfranchised by the act of 1885 . Antiquities.—Among the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of antiquarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest may be mentioned the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Royston, doubtless once used as a hermitage; See also:

• WALTHAM

Waltham Cross, erected to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the spot where rested the See also:

• BODY

body of Eleanor, queen of Edward I., on its way to See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster for interment; and the Great Bed of Ware referred to in See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's Twelfth See also:

• NIGHT

Night and preserved at See also:

• RYE

Rye See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House .

The principal monastic buildings are the noble See also:

• PILE

pile of St Albans abbey; the remains of Sopwell See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine nunnery near St Albans, founded in 114o; the remains of the priory of Ware, dedicated to St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, and originally a See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell to the monastery of St Ebrulf at See also:

• UTICA

Utica in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy; and the remains of the priory at Hitchin built by Edward II. for the See also:

• CARMELITES

Carmelites . Among the more interesting churches may be mentioned those of Abbots Langley and Hemel Hempstead, both of See also:

• LATE

Late Norman See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture; Baldock, a handsome mixed See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic building supposed to have been erected by the Knights See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars in the reign of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen; Royston, formerly connected with the priory of canons See also:

• REGULAR

regular; Hitchin of the 15th century; Hatfield, dating from the 13th century but in the main later; Berkhampstead, chiefly in the Perpendicular See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of the 16th century . Sandridge church shows See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Norman See also:

• WORK

work with the use of Roman bricks; Wheathampstead church, mainly very fine Decorated, has pre-Norman remains . The remains of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings of importance are those of Berkhampstead castle, Hertford castle, Hatfield See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the bishops of Ely, the slight traces at Bishop Stortford, and the earthworks at See also:

• ANSTEY, CHRISTOPHER (1724—1805)

Anstey . Among the numerous mansions of interest, Rye House, erected in the reign of Henry VI., was tenanted by Rumbold, one of the principal agents in the See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)<