See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER See also:

• ALEXANDER HERTZEN (1812-1870)

HERTZEN (1812-1870)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian author, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at•See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time before the occupation of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan Yakovlef, after a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal interview with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, was allowed to leave, when the invaders arrived, as the See also:

• BEARER

bearer of a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from the French to the Russian See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . His See also:

• FAMILY

family attended him to the Russian lines . Then the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander (a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant of Jewish extraction from See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, according to A. von Wurzbach), only seventeen years old, and quite unable to speak Russian, was forced to seek shelter for some time in a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant's hut .. A See also:

• YEAR

year later the family returned to Moscow, where See also:

• HERTZEN, ALEXANDER (1812-1870)

Hertzen passed his youth—remaining there, after completing his studies at the university, till 1834, when he was arrested and tried on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of having assisted, with some other youths, at a festival during which verses by Sokolovsky, of a nature uncomplimentary to the emperor, were sung . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission appointed to try the youthful culprits found him guilty, and in 1835 he was banished to Viatka . There he remained till the visit to that city of the hereditary See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke (afterwards Alexander II.), accompanied by the poet Joukofsky, led to his being allowed to quit Viatka for See also:

• VLADIMIR
• VLADIMIR, ST (c. 956-1015)

Vladimir, where he was appointed editor of the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• GAZETTE

gazette of that city . In 184o he obtained a See also:

• POST

post in the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of the interior at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg; but in consequence of having spoken too frankly about a See also:

• DEATH

death due to a See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police officer's violence, he was sent to See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod, where he led an official See also:

• LIFE

life, with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state councillor," till 1842 . In 1846 his father died, leaving him by his will a very large See also:

• PROPERTY

property . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1847 he See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, never to return . From See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, on See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of the revolution of 1848, he hastened to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, whence he after-wards went to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . In 1852 he quitted See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva for See also:

• LONDON

London, where he settled for some years .

In 1864 he returned to Geneva, and after some time went to Paris, where he died on the 21st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1870 . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary career began in 1842 with the publication of an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay, in Russian, on Dilettantism in See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of " Iskander," the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of his See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian name—convicts, even when pardoned, not being allowed in those days to publish under their own names . His second See also:

• WORK

work, also in Russian, was his Letters on the Study of Nature (1845-1846) . In 1847 appeared his novel Kto Vinovat ? (Whose See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

Fault?), and about the same time were published in Russian See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals the stories which were afterwards collected and printed in London in 1854, under the title of Prervannuie Razskazui (Interrupted Tales) . In 185o two See also:

• WORKS

works appeared, translated from the Russian See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, Vom anderen lifer (From another See also:

• SHORE

Shore) and Lettres de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France et d'Italie . In French appeared also his essay Du Developpement See also:

• DES

des idees revolutionnaires en Russie, and his See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs, which, after being printed in Russian, were translated under the title of Le Monde russe et la Revolution (3 vols., r86o-1862), and were in See also:

• PART

part translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English as My See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile to See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia (2 vols., 1855) . From a literary point of view his most important work is Kto Vinovat? a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story describing how the domestic happiness of a young See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, who marries the unacknowledged daughter of a Russian sensualist of the old type, dull, ignorant and genial, is troubled by a Russian sensualist of the new school, intelligent, accomplished and callous, without there being any possibility of saying who is most to be blamed for the tragic termination . But it was as a See also:

• POLITICAL

political writer that Hertzen gained the vast reputation which he at one time enjoyed . Having founded in London his " See also:

• FREE

Free Russian See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press," of the fortunes of which, during ten years, he gave an interesting See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in a See also:

• BOOK

book published (in Russian) in 1863, he issued from it a See also:

• GREAT

great number of Russian works, all levelled against the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government prevailing in Russia . Some of these were essays, such as his Baptized Property, an attack on See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom; others were periodical publications, the Polyarnaya Zvyezda (or Polar See also:

• STAR

Star), the Kolokol (or See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell), and the Golosa iz Rossii (or Voices from Russia) . The Kolokol soon obtained an immense circulation, and exercised an extraordinary See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence .

For three years, it is true, the founders of the " Free Press " went on See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, " not only without selling a single copy, but scarcely being able to get a single copy introduced into Russia "; so that when at last a bookseller bought ten shillings' See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of Baptized Property, the See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign was set aside by the surprised editors in a special See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . But the death of the emperor See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas in 1855 produced an entire See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . Hertzen's writings, and the See also:

• JOURNALS

journals he edited, were smuggled wholesale into Russia, and their words resounded throughout that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, as well as all over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Their influence became overwhelming . Evil deeds See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hidden, evil-doers who had long prospered, were suddenly dragged into See also:

• LIGHT

light and disgrace . His bold and vigorous See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language aptly expressed the thoughts which had long been secretly stirring Russian minds, and were now beginning to find a timid utterance at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . For some years his influence in Russia was a living force, the circulation of his writings was a vocation zealously403 pursued . Stories tell how on one occasion a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, who had bought several cases of sardines at Nijni-Novgorod, found that they contained forbidden See also:

• PRINT

print instead of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, and at another time a supposititious copy of the Kolokol was printed for the emperor's special use, in which a telling attack upon a leading statesman, which had appeared in the genuine number, was omitted . At length the sweeping changes introduced by Alexander II. greatly diminished the need for and appreciation of Hertzen's assistance in the work of reform . The freedom he had demanded for the See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs was granted, the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts he had so long denounced were remodelled, trial by See also:

• JURY

jury was established, See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty was to a great extent conceded to the press . It became clear that Hertzen's occupation was gone . When the See also:

• POLISH

Polish insurrection of 1863 See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and he pleaded the insurgents' cause, his reputation in Russia received its death-See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow .

From that time it was only with the revolutionary party that he was in full See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord . In 1873 a collection of his works in French *was commenced in Paris . A See also:

• VOLUME

volume of See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous works, in Russian, was published at Geneva in 1870 . His Memoirs See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about his life, a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of which appears also in A. von Wurzbach's Zeitgenossen, pt . 7 (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1871) . See also the Revue des deux rhondes for See also:

• JULY

July 15 and See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 1, 1854 . Kto Vinovat? has been translated into German under the title of Wer 1st schuld ? in Wolffsohn's Russlands Novellendichter, vol. iii . The title of My Exile in Siberia is misleading; he was never in that country . (W . R .