JOHANN See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

JAKOB See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• JOHANN JAKOB HERZOG (1805-1882)

HERZOG (1805-1882)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel-on the 12th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1805 . He studied at Basel and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and eventually (1854) settled at See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• HISTORY

history . He died there on the 3oth of September 1882, having retired in 1877 . His most See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy achievement was the publication of the Realencyklopadie See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur prolestantische Theologie and Kirche (1853–1868, 22 vols.), of which he undertook a new edition with G . L . Plitt (1836–1880) in 1877, and after Plitt's See also:

• DEATH

death with See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Hauck (b . 1845) . Hauck began the publication of the third edition in 1896 (completed in 22 vols., 1909) . His other See also:

• WORKS

works include Joh . See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin (1843), Leben Okolampads (1843), See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die romanischen Waldenser (1853), Abriss der gesamten Kirchengeschichte (3 vols, 1876-1882, 2nd ed., G . Koffmane, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1890-1892) . and died at Edlach on the 3rd of See also:

• JULY

July 19o4 .

The greater See also:

• PART

part of his career was associated with See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, where he acquired high repute as a See also:

• LITERARY

literary journalist . He was also a dramatist, and apart from his prominence as a Jewish Nationalist would have found a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of fame . All' his other claims to renown, however, sink into insignificance when compared with his See also:

• WORK

work as the reviver of Jewish hopes for a restoration to See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy . See also:

• HERZL, THEODOR (1860-1904)

Herzl was stirred by sympathy for the misery of See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews under persecution, but he was even more powerfully moved by the difficulties experienced under conditions of assimilation . See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Semitism, he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, was both like and unlike the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval . The old See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical attacks on the Jews continued in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, but there was added the reluctance of several See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to admit the Jews to social equality .. Herzl believed that the humanitarian hopes which inspired men at the end of the 18th and during the larger part of the 19th centuries had failed . The walls of the ghettos had been See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast down, but the Jews could find no entry into the See also:

• COMITY (from the Lat. comitas, courtesy, from antis, friendly, courteous)

comity of nations . The new nationalism of 1848 did not deprive the Jews of political rights, but it denied them both the amenities of friendly inter-course and the opportunity of distinction in the university, the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and the professions . Many Jews questioned this diagnosis, and refused to see in the new anti-Semitism (q.v.) which spread over Europe in 1881 any more than a temporary reaction against the cosmopolitanism of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution . In 1896 Herzl published his famous pamphlet " Der Judenstaat." Holding that the only alternatives for the Jews were See also:

• COMPLETE

complete merging by intermarriage or self-preservation by a national re-See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, he boldly advocated the second course . He' did not at first insist on See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine as the new Jewish See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, nor did he attach himself to religious sentiment .

The expectation of a Messianic restoration to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land has always been strong, if often latent, in the Jewish consciousness . But Herzl approached the subject entirely on its See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and his See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution was economic and political rather than sentimental . He was a strong See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate for the complete separation of Church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Herzl's pamphlet, the progress of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement he initiated, the subsequent modifications of his plans, are told at length in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• ZIONISM

ZIONISM . His proposals undoubtedly roused an extraordinary See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, and though he almost completely failed to win to his cause the classes, he rallied the masses with sensational success . He unexpectedly gained the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of many Jews by See also:

• RACE

race who were indifferent to the religious aspect of Judaism, but he quite failed to convince the leaders of Jewish thought, who from first to last remained (with such conspicuous exceptions as See also:

• NORDAU, MAX SIMON (1849- )

Nordau and See also:

• ZANGWILL, ISRAEL (1864— )

Zangwill) See also:

• DEAF

deaf to his See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading . The orthodox were at first cool because they had always dreamed of a nationalism inspired by messianic ideals, while the liberals had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long come to dissociate those universalistic ideals from all national limitations . Herzl, however, succeeded in assembling several congresses at Basel (beginning in 1897), and at these congresses were enacted remark-able scenes of enthusiasm for the cause and devotion to its See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader . At all these assemblies the same ideal was formulated: " the establishing for the Jewish See also:

• PEOPLE

people a publicly and legally assured home in Palestine." Herzl's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm was irresistible . Among his political opponents he had some See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . His sincerity, his eloquence, his tact, his devotion, his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, were recognized on all hands . He spent his whole strength in the furtherance of his ideas .

See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

Diplomatic interviews, exhausting journeys, impressive See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass meetings, brilliant literary propaganda—all these methods were employed by him to the utmost limit of self-denial . In r9or he was received by the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan; the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope and many See also:

• EUROPEAN

European statesmen gave him audiences . The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was ready to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant land for an autonomous See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . This last See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme was fatal to Herzl's See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of mind . Even as a temporary measure, the choice of an extra-Palestinian site for the Jewish state was bitterly opposed by many Zionists; others (with whom Herzl appears to have sympathized) thought that as Palestine was, at all events momentarily, inaccessible,. it was expedient to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a settlement elsewhere .