See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

HESSE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)  , a See also:

• GRAND

grand duchy forming a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . It was known until 1866 as See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, the See also:

• HISTORY

history of which is given under a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate heading below . It consists of two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main parts, separated from each other by a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of Prussian territory . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part is the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Oberhessen; the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern consists of the contiguous provinces of Starkenburg and Rheinhessen . There are also eleven very small exclaves, mostly grouped about Homburg to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Oberhessen; but the largest is Wimpfen on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west frontier of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg . Oberhessen is hilly; though of no See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation it extends over the See also:

• WATER

water-parting between the basins of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine and the See also:

• WESER (O. Ger. Visuracha, Wisura, Lat. Visurgis)

Weser, and in the Vogelsberg it has as its culminating point the Taufstein (2533 ft.) . In the north-west it includes spurs of the See also:

• TAUNUS

Taunus . Between these two systems of hills lies the fertile undulating See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract known as the Wetterau, watered by the Wetter, a tributary of the Main . Starkenburg occupies the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle between the Main and the Rhine, and in its south-eastern part includes some of the ranges of the See also:

• ODENWALD

Odenwald, the highest part being the Seidenbucher Hohe (1965 ft.) . Rheinhessen is separated from Starkenburg by the Rhine, and has that See also:

• RIVER

river as its northern as well as its eastern frontier, though it extends across it at the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east corner, where the Rhine, on receiving the Main, changes its course abruptly from south to west . The territory consists of a fertile tract of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, rising towards the south-west into the northern extremity of the See also:

• HARDT, HERMANN VON DER (166o-1746)
• HARDT, THE

Hardt range, but at no point reaching a height of more than 1050 ft . The See also:

• AREA

area and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the three provinces of Hesse are as follow: Area .

Population . sq. m . 1895 . 1905 . Oberhessen . 1267 271,524 296,755 Starkenburg . 1169 444,562 542,996 Rheinhessen . 530 322,934 369,424 See also:

• TOTAL

Total . 2966 1,039,020 1, 209,175 The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of the grand duchy are Darmstadt (the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital) and See also:

• OFFENBACH
• OFFENBACH, JACQUES (1819-1880)

Offenbach in Starkenburg, See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz and See also:

• WORMS

Worms hi Rheinhessen and See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen in Oberhessen . More than two-thirds of the inhabitants are Protestants; the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, and there are about 25,000 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke is See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education is compulsory, the elementary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools being communal, assisted by state grants .

There are a university at Giessen and a technical high school at Darmstadt . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture is important, more than three-fifths of the total area being under cultivation . The largest See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops are See also:

• RYE

rye and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, and nearly 40,000 acres are under vines . Minerals, in which Oberhessen is much richer than the two other provinces, include See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and some See also:

• COAL

coal . The constitution See also:

• DATES

dates from 1820, but was modified in 1856, 1862, 1872 and 1900 . There are two legislative See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers . The upper consists of princes of the grand-ducal See also:

• FAMILY

family, heads of mediatized houses, the head of the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and the See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the Protestant church, the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the university, two elected representatives of the See also:

• LAND

land-owning See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, and twelve members nominated by the grand duke . The See also:

• LOWER

lower chamber consists of ten deputies from large towns and See also:

• FORTY

forty from small towns and rural districts . They are indirectly elected, by See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors (Wahlmanner) nominated by the electors, who must be Hessians over twenty-five years old, paying See also:

• DIRECT

direct taxes . The executive See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of state is divided into the departments of the interior, See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and See also:

• FINANCE

finance . The three provinces are divided for See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration into 18 circles and 989 communes . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue and See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure amount each to about £4,000,000 annually, the chief taxes being an income-tax, See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession duties and See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp tax .

The public See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, practically the whole of which is on See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, amounted to £19,097,468 in 1907 . History.—The name of Hesse, now used principally for the grand duchy formerly known as Hesse-Darmstadt, refers to a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country which has had different boundaries and areas at different times . The name is derived from that of a Frankish tribe, the Hessi . The earliest known inhabitants of the country were the See also:

• CHATTI

Chatti, who lived here during the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . (See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, Germania, c . 30), and whose capital, Mattium on the Eder, was burned by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans about A.D . 15 . " Alike both in See also:

• RACE

race and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language," says See also:

• WALTHER, BERNHARD (1430-15o4)

Walther See also:

• SCHULTZE, MAX JOHANN SIGISMUND (1825-1874)

Schultze, " the Chatti and the Hessi are identical." During the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Volkerwanderung many of these See also:

• PEOPLE

people moved westward, but some remained behind to give their name to the country, although it was not until the 8th century that the word Hesse came into use . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Hesse was the See also:

• DISTRICT

district around the See also:

• FULDA

Fulda, the Werra, the Eder and the See also:

• LAHN

Lahn, and was part of the Frankish See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom both during Merovingian and during Carolingian times . Soon Hessegau is mentioned, and this district was the headquarters of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne during his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons . By the treaty of See also:

• VERDUN

Verdun in 843 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the German, and later it seems to have been partly in the duchy of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and partly in that of See also:

• FRANCONIA (Ger. Franken)

Franconia . The Hessians were converted to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity mainly through the efforts of St See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface; their land was included in the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishopric of Mainz; and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and culture were kept alive among them largely owing to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine abbeys of Fulda and See also:

• HERSFELD

Hersfeld .

Like other parts of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany during the gth century Hesse See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a strong central See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and, before the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto the Great, several See also:

• COUNTS

counts, among whom were Giso and See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, had made themselves practically See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent; but after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of Otto in 936 the land quietly accepted the yoke of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval emperors . About 1120 another Giso, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Gudensberg, secured See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the lands of the Werners; on his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1137 his daughter and heiress, Hedwig, married Louis, land-See also:

• GRAVE

grave of Thuringia; and from this date until 1247, when the Thuringian ruling family became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, Hesse formed part of Thuringia . The death of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• RASPE, RUDOLF(MOW, (737-1794)

Raspe, the last See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave of Thuringia, in 1247, caused a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war over the disposal of his lands, and this dispute was not settled until 1264 when Hesse, separated again from Thuringia, was secured by his niece See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia (d . 1284), widow of Henry II., duke of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year Sophia handed over Hesse to her son Henry (1244-1308), who, remembering the connexion of Hesse and Thuringia, took the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of landgrave, and is the ancestor of all the subsequent rulers of the country . In 1292 Henry was made a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the Empire, and with him the history of Hesse properly begins . For nearly 300 years the history of Hesse is comparatively uneventful . The land, which fell into two main portions, upper Hesse See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, and lower Hesse round See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel, was twice divided between two members of the ruling family, but no permanent See also:

• PARTITION

partition took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place before the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . A Landtag was first called together in 1387, and the landgraves were constantly at variance with the electors of Mainz, who had large temporal possessions in the country . They found time, however, to increase the area of Hesse . Giessen, part of See also:

• SCHMALKALDEN

Schmalkalden, Ziegenhain, Nidda and, after a long struggle, Katzenelnbogen were acquired, while in 1432 the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Hersfeld placed itself under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Hesse . The most noteworthy of the landgraves were perhaps Louis I .

(d . 1458), a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the German See also:

• THRONE

throne in 1440, and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II . (d . 1509), a comrade of the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I . In 1509 William's See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young son, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip (q.v.), became landgrave, and by his vigorous See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality brought his country into prominence during the religious troubles of the 16th century . Following the example of his ancestors Philip cared for education and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general welfare of his land, and the Protestant university of Marburg, founded in 1527, owes to him its origin . When he died in 1567 Hesse was divided between his four sons into Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Marburg and Hesse-Rheinfels . The lines ruling in Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Marburg, or upper Hesse, became extinct in 1583 and 1604 respectively, and these lands passed to the two remaining branches of the family . The small landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg was formed in 1622 from Hesse-Darmstadt . After the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Homburg by See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 1866 Hesse-Darmstadt remained the only independent part of Hesse, and it generally receives the See also:

• COMMON

common name . Hesse-Philippsthal is an offshoot of Hesse-Cassel, and was founded in 1685 by Philip (d . 1721), son of the Landgrave William VI .

In 1909 the representative of this family was the Landgrave Ernest (b . 1846) . Hesse-Barchfeld was founded in 1721 by Philip's son, William (d . 1761), and in 1909 its representative was the Landgrave See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis (b . 1876) . The lands of both these princes are now mediatized . Hesse-See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau is a province of Prussia formed in 1866 from part of Hesse-Cassel and part of the duchy of Nassau . See H . B . Wenck, Hessische L4ndesgeschichte . (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1783-18o3); C. von Rommel, Geschichte von Hesse (Cassel 182o-1858) ; F . Munscher, Geschichte von Hesse (Marburg, 1894); F .

Gundlach, Hesse and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Mainzer Stiftsfehde (Marburg, 1899); Walther, Literarisches Handbuch See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Geschichte and Landeskunde von Hesse ((Darmstadt, 1841; Supplement, 1850-1869) ; K . See also:

• ACKERMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756–1801)
• ACKERMANN, RUDOLPH (1764-1834)

Ackermann, Bibliotheca Hessiaca (Cassel, 1884-1899) ; Hoffmeister, Historischgenealogisches Handbuch fiber alle Linien See also:

• DES

des Regentenhauses Hesse (Marburg, 1874), and the Zeitschrift des Vereins fur hessische Geschichte (1837-1904) . HESSE-CASSEL (in German Kurhessen, i.e . Electoral Hesse), now the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government district of Cassel in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau . It was till 1866 a landgraviate and electorate of Germany, consisting of several detached masses of territory, to the N.E. of Frankfort-on-the-Main . It contained a superficial area of 3699 sq. m., and its population in 1864 was 745,o63 . History.—The See also:

• LINE

line of Hesse-Cassel was founded by William IV., surnamed the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise, eldest son of Philip the Magnanimous . On his See also:

• FATHER

father's death in 1567 he received one See also:

• HALF

half of Hesse, with Cassel as his capital; and this formed the landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel . Additions were made to it by See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance from his See also:

• BROTHER

brother's possessions . His son, See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice the Learned (1592-1627), turned Protestant in 16o5, became involved later in the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War, and, after being forced to cede some of his territories to the Darmstadt line, abdicated in favour of his son William V . (1627-1637), his younger sons receiving apanages which created several See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet lines of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, of which that of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg survived till 1834 . On the death of William V., whose territories had been conquered by the Imperialists, his widow Amalie See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent for her son William VI .

(1637-1663), reconquered the country and, with the aid of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Swedes, held it, together with part of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia . At the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Westphalia (1648), accordingly, Hesse-Cassel was augmented by the larger part of the countship of Schaumburg and by the abbey of Hersfeld, secularized as a principality of the Empire . The Landgravine Amalie Elizabeth introduced the See also:

• RULE

rule of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture . William VI., who came of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in 1650, was an enlightened See also:

• PATRON

patron of learning and the arts . He was succeeded by his son William VII., an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant, who died in 167o, and was succeeded by his brother See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles (1670-1730) . Charles's chief claim to remembrance is that he was the first ruler to adopt the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• HIRING (from O. Eng. hyrian, a word common to many Teutonic languages cf. Ger. heuern, Dutch huren, &c.)

hiring his soldiers out to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers as mercenaries, as a means of improving the See also:

• NATIONAL

national finances . See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I., the next landgrave (1730-1751), had become by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, and on his death was succeeded in the landgraviate by his brother William VIII . (1751-1760), who fought as an ally of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England during the Seven Years ! War . From his successor Frederick II . (1760-1785), who had become a Roman Catholic, 2 2,000 See also:

• HESSIAN

Hessian troops were hired by England for about k3,191,000, to assist in the war against the North See also:

• AMERICAN

American colonies . This See also:

• ACTION

action, often bitterly criticized, has of See also:

• LATE

late years found apologists (cf. v .

Werthern, Die hessischen Hilfstruppen See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im nordamerikanischen Unabhangigkeitskriege, Cassel, 1895) . It is argued that the troops were in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case mercenaries, and that the practice was quite common . Whatever See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion may be held as to this, it is certain that Frederick spent the See also:

• MONEY

money well: he did much for the development of the economic and intellectual improvement of the country . The reign of the next landgrave, William IX . (1785-1821), was an important See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the history of Hesse-Cassel . Ascending the throne in 1785, he took part in the war against See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France a few years later, but in 1795 peace was arranged by the treaty of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . For the loss in 18ox of his possessions on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhine he was in 1803 compensated by some of the former French territory round Mainz, and at the same time was raised to the dignity of Elector (Kurfurst) as William I . In 1806 he made a treaty of See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality with See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, but after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• JENA

Jena the latter, suspecting William's designs, occupied his country, and expelled him . Hesse-Cassel was then added to See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte's new kingdom of Westphalia; but after the battle of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in 1813 the French were driven out and on the 21st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November the elector returned in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph to his capital . A treaty concluded by him with the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies (Dec . 2) stipulated that he was to receive back all his former territories, or their See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent, and at the same time to restore the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient constitution of his country . This treaty, so far as the territories were concerned, was carried out by the powers at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna .

They refused, however, the elector's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to be recognized as " King of the Chatti " (See also:

• KONG

Kong der Katten), a request which was again rejected at the See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) . He therefore retained the now meaningless title of elector, with the predicate of " royal See also:

• HIGHNESS

highness." The elector had signalized his restoration by abolishing with a stroke of the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen all the reforms introduced under the French regime, repudiating the Westphalian debt and declaring null and void the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the See also:

• CROWN

crown domains . Everything was set back to its See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition on the 1st of November 1806; even the officials had to descend to their former See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to revert to the old See also:

• UNIFORMS

uniforms and powdered pigtails . The estates, indeed, were summoned in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1815, but the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to devise a constitution See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down; their See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the federal See also:

• DIET

diet at Frankfort to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the elector to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order in the See also:

• MATTER

matter of the debt and the domains came to nothing owing to the intervention of Metternich; and in May 1816 they were dissolved, never to meet again . William I. died on the 27th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1821, and was succeeded by his son, William II . Under him the constitutional crisis in Hesse-Cassel came to a head . He was arbitrary and avaricious like his father, and moreover shocked public sentiment by his treatment of his wife, a popular Prussian princess, and his relations with his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, one Emilie Ortlopp, created countess of See also:

• REICHENBACH
• REICHENBACH, GEORG VON (1772–1826)

Reichenbach, whom he loaded with See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . The See also:

• JULY

July revolution in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris gave the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for disturbances; the elector was forced to summon the estates; and on the 5th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1831 a constitution on the ordinary Liberal basis was signed . The elector now retired to See also:

• HANAU

Hanau, appointed his son Frederick William regent, and took no further part in public affairs . The regent, without his father's coarseness, had a full See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of his arbitary and avaricious See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper . Constitutional restrictions were intolerable to him; and the consequent See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction with the diet was aggravated when, in 1832, See also:

• HASSENPFLUG, HANS DANIEL LUDWIG FRIEDRICH (1794—1862)

Hassenpflug (q.v.) was placed at the head of the administration . The whole efforts of the elector and his See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister were directed to nullifying theconstitutional See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control vested in the diet; and the Opposition was fought by manipulating the elections, packing the judicial See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench, and a vexatious and See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty persecution of See also:

• POLITICAL

political " suspects," and this policy continued after the retirement of Hassenpflug in 1837 .

The situation that resulted issued in the revolutionary year 1848 in a general manifestation of public discontent; and Frederick William, who had become elector on his father's death (November 20, 1847), was forced to dismiss his reactionary ministry and to agree to a comprehensive See also:

• PRO

pro-gramme of democratic reform . This, however, was but See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived . After the breakdown of the Frankfort National See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament, Frederick William joined the Prussian Northern See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, and deputies from Hesse-Cassel were sent to the See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt parliament . But as See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria recovered strength, the elector's policy changed . On the 23rd of February 185o Hassenpflug was again placed at the head of the administration and • threw himself with renewed zeal into the struggle against the constitution and into opposition to Prussia . On the 2nd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the diet was dissolved; the taxes were continued by electoral See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance; and the country was placed under See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . It was at once clear, however, that the elector could not depend on his See also:

• OFFICERS

officers or troops, who remained faithful to their See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to the constitution . Hassenpflug persuaded the elector to leave Cassel secretly with him, and on the 15th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October appealed for aid to the reconstituted federal diet, which willingly passed a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of " intervention . " On the 1st of November an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian and Bavarian force marched into the electorate . This was a direct See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge to Prussia, which under conventions with the elector had the right to the use of the military roads through Hesse that were her See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole means of communication with her Rhine provinces . War seemed imminent; Prussian troops also entered the country, and shots were actually exchanged between the outposts . But Prussia was in no condition to take up the challenge; and the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic contest that followed issued in the Austrian triumph at See also:

• OLMUTZ (Czech; Olomouc or Holomauc)

Olmutz (1851) .

Hesse was surrendered to the federal diet; the taxes were collected by the federal forces, and all officials who refused to recognize the new order were dismissed . In March 1852 the federal diet abolished the constitution of 1831, together with the reforms of 1848, and in See also:

• APRIL

April issued a new provisional constitution . The new diet had, under this, very narrow powers; and the elector was See also:

• FREE

free to carry out his policy of amassing money, forbidding the construction of railways and manufactories, and imposing strict orthodoxy on churches and schools . In 1855, however, Hassenpflug—who had returned with the elector—was dismissed; and five years later, after a period of growing agitation, a new constitution was granted with the consent of the federal diet (May 30, x86o) . The new chambers, however, demanded the constitution of 1831; and, after several dissolutions which always resulted in the return of the same members, the federal diet decided to restore the constitution of 1831 (May . 24, 1862) . This had been due to a See also:

• THREAT

threat of Prussian occupation; and it needed another such threat to persuade the elector to reassemble the chambers, which he had dismissed at the first sign of opposition; and he revenged himself by refusing to transact any public business . In 1866 the end came . The elector, full of grievances against Prussia, threw in his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with Austria; the electorate was at once overrun with Prussian troops; Cassel was occupied (See also:

• JUNE

June 20); and the elector was carried a prisoner to See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin . By the treaty of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague Hesse-Cassel was annexed to Prussia . The elector Frederick William (d . 1875) had been, by the terms of the treaty of cession, guaranteed the entailed See also:

• PROPERTY

property of his house .

This was, however, sequestered in 1868 owing to his intrigues against Prussia; part of the income was paid, however, to the eldest agnate, the landgrave Frederick (d . 1884), and part, together with certain castles and palaces, was assigned to the cadet lines of Philippsthal and Philippsthal-Barchfeld . See K . W . Wippermann, Kurhessen seit den Freiheitskriegen (Cassel, 1850); See also:

• ROTH, JUSTUS LUDWIG ADOLF (1818-1892)

Roth, Geschichte von Hessen-Kassel (Cassel, 1856; 2nd ed. continued by See also:

• STAMFORD
• STAMFORD, HENRY GREY

Stamford, 1883–1885); H .