FREIHERR VON HEINRICH See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

HERMANN JOSEF See also:

• HESS
• FREIHERR VON HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF HESS (1788-1870)

HESS (1788-1870)  , See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian soldier, entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 18o5 and was soon employed as a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff officer on survey See also:

• WORK

work . He distinguished himself as a subaltern at Aspern and See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram, and in 1813, as a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain, again served on the staff . In 1815 he was with See also:

• SCHWARZENBERG
• SCHWARZENBERG, KARL PHILIPP, PRINCE ZU (1771-1820)

Schwarzenberg . He had in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the two See also:

• WARS

wars been employed as a military See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, and at the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace resumed this See also:

• POST

post, gaining knowledge which later proved invaluable to the Austrian army . In 1831, when See also:

• RADETZKY, JOSEF, COUNT OF RADETZ (1766-1858)

Radetzky became See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in Austrian See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, he took See also:

• HESS
• HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870)

Hess as his chief-of-staff, and thus began the connexion between two famous soldiers which, like that of See also:

• BLUCHER, GEBHARD LEBERECHT VON (1742—1819)

Blucher and See also:

• GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON, COUNT

Gneisenau, is a classical example of harmonious co-operation of commander and chief-of-staff . Hess put into shape Radetzky's military ideas, inthe See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of new See also:

• DRILL

drill for each See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, and, under their guidance, the Austrian army in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Italy, always on a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war footing, became the best in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . From 1834 to 1848 Hess was employed in See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia, at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, &c., but, on the outbreak of revolution and war in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year, was at once sent out to Radetzky as chief-of-staff . In the two See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert which followed, culminating in the victory of See also:

• NOVARA

Novara, Hess's assistance to his chief was made still more valuable by his knowledge of the enemy, and the old See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal acknowledged his services in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general orders . Lieut.-Fieldmarshal Hess was at once promoted Feldzeugmeister, made a member of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and Freiherr, assuming at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the duties of the quartermaster-general . Next year he became chief of the staff to the emperor . He was often employed in See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to various capitals, and he appearedin the field in 1854 at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Austrian army which intervened so effectually in the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean war . In 1859 he was sent to Italy after the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early defeats .

He became field-marshal in 186o, and a year later, on resigning his position as chief-of-staff, he was made captain of the Trabant guard . He died in Vienna in 187o . See " General Hess " in Lebensgeschichtlichen Hinrissen (Vienna, 1855) .