HIGHWAY  , a public road over which all persons have full right of way—walking, See also:

• RIDING

riding or See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving . Such roads in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for the most See also:

• PART

part either are of immemorial antiquity or have been created under the authority of an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . But a private owner may create a highway at See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law by dedicating the See also:

• SOIL

soil to the use of the public for that purpose; and the using of a road for a number of years, without interruption, will support the presumption that the soil has been so dedicated . At common law the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish is required to maintain all highways within its See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds; but by See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation may attach to a particular township or See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and in certain cases the owner of See also:

• LAND

land is See also:

• HOUND

hound by the conditions of his holding to keep a highway in repair . See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

Breach of the obligation is treated as a criminal offence, and is prosecuted by See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment . See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

Bridges, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and so much of the highway as is immediately connected with them, are as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• RULE

rule a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge on the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county; and by 22 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. c . 5 the obligation of the county is extended to 30o yds. of the highway on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . A bridge. like a highway, may be a See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden on neighbouring land ratione teiu See also:

• RAE, JOHN (1813-1893)

rae . Private owners so burdened may sometimes claim a special See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

toll from passengers, called a " toll See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse." Extensive changes in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English law of highways have been to highway may be caused by encroachment, by interfering with the soil of the highway, by attracting crowds, by creating danger or inconvenience on or near the highway, by placing obstacles on the highway, by unreasonable user, by offences against decency and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, &c . The use of locomotives, motor cars and other vehicles on high-ways is regulated by acts of 1861-1903 . Formerly under the See also:

• TURNPIKE

Turnpike Acts many of the more important highways were placed under the management of boards of commissioners or trustees . The trustees were required and empowered to maintain, repair and improve the roads committed to their charge, and the expenses of the See also:

• TRUST

trust were met by tolls levied on persons using the road .

The various grounds of exemption from toll on turnpike roads were all of a public See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, e.g. horses and carriages attending the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign or royal See also:

• FAMILY

family, or used by soldiers or See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers in See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, were See also:

• FREE

free from toll . In general horses and carriages used in agricultural See also:

• WORK

work were free from toll . By the Highways and Locomotives Act of 1878 disturnpiked roads became " See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main roads." See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

Ordinary highways might be declared to be " main roads," and " main roads " be reduced to the status of ordinary highways . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland the highway See also:

• SYSTEM

system is regulated by the Roads and Bridges Act 1878 and amending acts . The management and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the highways and bridges is vested in county road trustees, viz. the commissioners of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, certain elected trustees representing ratepayers in parishes and others . One of the consequences of the act was the abolition of tolls, See also:

• STATUTE

statute-labour, See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway See also:

• MAIL

mail and other exactions for the maintenance of bridges and highways, and all turnpike roads became high-ways, and all highways became open to the public free of tolls and other exactions . The county is divided into districts under district committees, and county and district See also:

• OFFICERS

officers are appointed . The expenses of highway management in each district (or parish), together with a proportion of the general expenses of the act, are levied by the trustees by an See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment on the lands and heritages within the district (or parish) . Highway, in the law of the states of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, generally means a lawful public road, over which all citizens are allowed to pass and repass on See also:

• FOOT

foot, on horseback, in carriages and waggons . Sometimes it is held to be restricted to county roads as opposed to See also:

• TOWN

town-ways . In statutes dealing with offences connected with the highway, such as gaining, See also:

• NEGLIGENCE (Lat. negligentia, from negligere, to neglect, literally " not to pick up ")

negligence of See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers, &c., " highway " includes navigable See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . But in a statute punishing with See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• ROBBERY (from O. Fr. rober, to steal)

robbery on the highway, See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways were held not to be included in the See also:

• TERM

term .

In one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it has been held that any way is a highway which has been used as such for fifty years . See Glen, Law See also:

• RELATING

Relating to Highways; See also:

• PRATT, ORSON (1811–1881)

Pratt, Law of Highways, Main Roads and Bridges .