HII  III IiI " Ini — II~See also:

• IIIIII, 2IIII, 221I, 222, 3111, 321, 33

IIIIII,,1lINIIIil I i ,I:S~ NA:AIlN16 Y~711~ IIErINIIIIIIMNN1~INlfI I III IIIIIIII MINIMMIMISMIff ..ItllYtll mums INIIINIIIA IIINi NI YIIIIIIININNIIINIIIII, 6 ;illl`IHI i {I nipnn~„ itiIIIIII'''':;.illi{III'H!iII 111u11111 ;uu;~!IIN'~~:ii 111111 •"'".~~uuiiiin - - ;:II'ninn!uwHHIHHH!II!Illilu1nnuum;;;a,!I . IIflUi Ilumunnlinuuuulnnuillunluu!nnhfi, infUnHIII --~,,, ~~ . . IlfNlllllllllHllliil!IIIIII111NIIIIIIIIIIII;.1dIIIIIINIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIHI!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!lili!16iIIIIIInnlnimi ;~ilgP,;?;,, displacement, 180 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, steamed at 13; knots and carried an armament of six 4-in . Q.F. guns, four 3-pdrs. and two See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-guns . They were single-See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw vessels, built of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, sheathed and coppered . The " See also:

• CONDOR (Sarcorhamphus gryphus)

Condor " class, which comprises six vessels built between 1898 and 1901, are very slightly modified " Torches," having 20 tons more displacement and 6 in. more See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam, with the same length, and " See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa." See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed and armament . They are able, however, to maintain a higher continuous speed, being fitted with See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube boilers . In 1901 to 1902 there were laid down four sloops of the " Fant6me " class, which are larger vessels than the " Condors," being 1075 tons displacement and 185 ft. long . They are twin-screw vessels, built of steel, sheathed and coppered . They have water-tube boilers, giving 1400 H.P., and a speed of 13; knots . Their armament is similar to that of the " Condor." All the foregoing vessels are fitted as sailing vessels as well as See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam . The " Beagle " is See also:

• SCHOONER

schooner-rigged, the others all barque-rigged .

Of the See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel or gunboat type, one of the earliest built for the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NAVY

navy is represented by the " Staunch," a twin-screw (iunbonta. vessel designed by Mr G . W . Rendel, and built at See also:

• ELSWICK

Elswick in 1867 . The guiding principle in the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of this vessel was that she should simply be a floating gun-See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage, propelled by steam and provided with plenty of manoeuvring See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The 9-in . 12-ton gun which constituted her armament was arranged to sink into and be raised from a well by means of See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic power . She was only 18o tons in displacement and 75 ft. long, and had a speed of 6i knots . The " See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina " class, consisting of twelve gunboats built about 1876, were twin-screw vessels of 363 tons displacement and to ft. length, and had a speed of 8t knots . Their armament was See also:

• LIGHT

light, consisting only of three 64-pdrs. and three machine guns . They were fitted with See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow rudders in addition to those at the stern, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to increase their manoeuvring power . The " Paluma " and " Gayundah " were built at Elswick in 1884 for the See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . They had a displacement of 36o tons and were 115 ft. in length, were schooner-rigged, but had twin-screws and a speed under steam of 10 knots .

They carried one 8-in . B.L. gun forward, which was mounted behind a breastwork and had a considerable arc of training; one 6-in. gun, which was mounted aft; and three machine-guns . The " See also:

• PROTECTOR

Protector " was a more important See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . Built for the government of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia in 1884, she was 920 tons in displacement and 180 ft. long, had twin screws and a speed of 14 knots under steam . She carried one 8-in . B.L. gun forward, mounted as in the " Paluma," five 6-in . 4-ton guns, and five Gatlings . The " See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

Cock-See also:

• CHAFER

chafer' class (1881) and the " See also:

• THRUSH (A. S. Prysce, Icel. priistr, Norw. Trast, O. H. Ger. Drosce, whence the mod. Ger. prossel, to be compared with the analogous English form Throstle,l now almost obsolete, both being apparently diminutives)

Thrush " class (1889) are See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-going cruising vessels of a different type, carrying much lighter guns than in the Staunch class . The former, of which four were built, were composite-built, single-screw See also:

• SHIPS

ships of 465 tons displacement and 125 ft. length, with a fore-and-aft rig and a speed under steam of 91 knots; the latter, of which there were nine, were schooner-rigged composite vessels of 805 tons displacement and 165 ft. length, with a single screw and a speed of 134 knots . The armament of the " Cockchafers " consisted of two 64-pdrs . R.M.L. guns, two-2o-pdrs . R.B.L. guns, and two machine-guns; that of the " Thrush " (fig .

109, See also:

• PLATE

Plate See also:

• XXVI

XXVI.) was of six 4-in . B.L. guns and four smaller guns (she was commanded by H.M . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George V. when he was on active service in the navy) . The Bramble," launched in 1898, is a representative of what in 1910 was the most See also:

• RECENT

recent type of first-class gunboat . Her displacement is 710 tons, or coo less than the " Thrush." She is 180 ft. long and has a speed of 13} knots, is built of steel, sheathed and coppered, and carries two 4-in . Q.F. guns, four 12-pdrs. and ten machine-guns . She has 'later-tube boilers, twin screws and machinery of 1300 I.H.P . Four of these vessels have been built, named the " Bramble," Britomart," " See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

Dwarf " (fig . It0, Plate XXVI.) and " See also:

• THISTLE

Thistle." They were designed specially for service on See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in hot climates; their See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught is limited to 8 ft.; their sails are reduced to a very light fore-and-aft rig, and they are fitted with a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete shade See also:

• DECK

deck of See also:

• TEAK

teak and See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . They were still on active service in 1910, but no new vessels had been laid down since 1897 . A number of gun-vessels have been designed for See also:

• SPECIAL

special services, among which may be mentioned the " See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

Mosquito " (fig III, Plate XX.) and " See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

Herald," two stern-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel steamers for the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi built by Messrs See also:

• YARROW

Yarrow in 1890 They are of 8o tons displacement and 77 ft. long, having a speed of 10k knots and carrying an armament of four 3-pdrs. and eight machine-guns . They are built in sections, each of which forms a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• PONTOON (Fr. ponton, from Lat. pons, a bridge)

pontoon, so that the whole vessel can be readily taken to pieces for transport and easily put together in the water .

These two gun-vessels were handed over to the Colonial authorities on the See also:

• RIVER

river Zambezi . Built for somewhat similar service, but of different design, are the four shallow-draught river gunboats of the " See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand-See also:

• PIPER, CARL, COUNT (1647-1716)

piper " class . They are steel twin-screw boats, built in 1897, also by Messrs Yarrow . They are 88 tons in displacement, 100 ft. long and 20 ft. broad, and carry an armament of two 6-pdrs. and four machine-guns . Their speed is 9 knots, and they draw only 2 ft. of water, their screws working in arched tunnels, the summits of which are above the water-level outside . These See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches always remain full of water, and serve the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double purpose of enabling sufficiently large screws to be fitted for the economical propulsion of the vessel without increasing the draught, and of protecting them from damage . The " See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

Woodcock " and " Woodlark " are larger vessels of the same type, designed for service on the rapid and shallow rivers of See also:

• CHINA

China . They were built by Messrs See also:

• THORNYCROFT, WILLIAM HAMO (1850- )

Thornycroft in 1897, are 120 tons in displacement, 145 ft. long, 23 ft. beam and 2 ft. draught of water . They have twin screws, also carried in arched tunnels, and their speed is 15 knots . They carry the same armament as the " See also:

• SANDPIPER (Ger. Sandpfeifer)

Sandpiper " class . In 1901 the " See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

Teal . " and " Moorhen," designed for service in China, were also constructed in sections, but are considerably larger than either the " Mosquito " or the " Woodcock," being about 18o tons displacement .

They are twin-screw vessels, the propellers being in tunnels, as in the " Woodcock," and their speed is over 13 knots . Their furnaces will See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . They carry two 6-pdrs. and four machine-guns . The latest vessel of this type in 1910 was the " Widgeon," of similar construction, built by Messrs Yarrow in 1904 and carrying the same armament . She is 16o ft. long, 24 ft . 6 in. beam, 2 ft . 5 in. draught, 195 tons displacement, 800 I.H.P. and 13 knots speed . Fig . 112 (Plate XX.) and fig . 113 show a light-draught gunboat of the " See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan " class, of which several have been built for service on the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . She has a displacement of 140 tons, a length of 143 ft., a beam of 24 ft . 6 in., a draught of only 2 ft. and a speed of 12 knots .

Her armament consists of one 12-pdr., one See also:

• HOWITZER (derived, through an earlier form howitz, and the Ger. Haubitz, from the Bohemian houfnice = catapult, from which come also, through the Ital. obiza or obice, the French forms obus = shell and obusier = howitzer)

howitzer, and four See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

Maxims, and she is protected by a Fin. See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet-See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof breastwork . The gunboats of other navies are generally similar to those described above . The Brazilian twin-screw gunboat " Tiradentes," built in 1892, of steel, sheathed with teak and coppered, was 165 ft. long and 800 tons displacement, and attained a speed of 14.5 knots . She had an armament of four 4.7:in. guns, three 6-pdrs. and four machine-guns, and carried a considerable spread of See also:

• CANVAS

canvas . In See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo gunboats and torpedo craft generally, possibly the last See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century showed more development and greater diversity than in any other type of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war vessel then existing . The first small high-speed See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat we have any See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of is the " See also:

• MIRANDA, FRANCESCO (c. 1754-1816)

Miranda," built by Messrs Thornycroft in 1871 . She was built of light steel, was 45 ft. in length, 6; ft. beam and 24 ft. draught, Torpedo and attained a speed of 16.4 knots with a single screw, craft. the See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine See also:

• RUNNING

running at 355 revolutions per See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute and indi- cating 58 H.P . The results obtained with her attracted much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and in 1873 Thornycroft launched for the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian government a somewhat larger boat, armed with a spar torpedo, which attained a speed of 15 knots . Owing to the introduction of machine-guns in warships as a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence against torpedo-boat attack, it was recognized that there was a very slight See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of a boat Table XVIII. gives particulars of many of the most notable torpedo-boats built between 1871 and 1910 . The torpedo-boat---thus established was primarily a weapon of offence, the only two elements of a protective nature in its design being those of small See also:

• SIZE

size and high speed; but even these were also necessary for purposes of offence . The deadly nature of their attack, and the difficulty of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting it in the See also:

• SHIP

ship attacked, led to the construction of special vessels intended, among other duties, to meet and destroy them . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French " Bombe" (1885) was one of the earliest of these; and the " See also:

• RATTLESNAKE

Rattlesnake " and- three See also:

• SISTER

sister Vessel's Name .

See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country . Where Built . See also:

• PRINCIPAL

Principal Dimensions, &c . 0 Speed . Armament, &c . a x ° c m 8 A q v A S Aa zo Torpedo-boats— Ft . In . Ft . In . Ft . In . Tons .

Knots . Miranda . See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain Messrs Thornycroft, See also:

• LONDON

London. x871 45 0 6 6 2 6 .. x 58 16.4 Nil . Experimental boat . 1st torpedo-boat See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway . Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1873 57 0 7 6 3 0 .. x .. 15.0 I spar torpedo . built . . See also:

• LIGHTNING

Lightning (after- Great Britain Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1877 75 0 10 10 5 0 34 I 477 18.5 Single torpedo tube . wards No.' T.B.) No .

10 T.B . Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1880 90 6 10 10 4 0 28 I 450 21.7 I torpedo tube . See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift (afterwards Messrs J . S . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White & Co., See also:

• COWES

Cowes . 1885 150 0 17 6 5 II 125 I 1300 20.5 . 6—3 pdrs., 3 tubes . No . 81 T.B.) See also:

• FALKE, JOHANN FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1823-1876)

Falke . . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . . Messrs Yarrow, London .

1886 135 0 13 9 5 8 95 I 900 22.4 2 See also:

• MACH, ERNST (1838– )

mach.-guns, 2 tubes . 1st class T.B . . China . . See also:

• ELBING

Elbing . 1886 144 4 16 5 7 6 128 I 1400 24.2 4—1 pdrs., 2 tubes . Forban See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . . Messrs Normand . 1895 144 2 15 2 10 0 135 2 3200 31.2 2—1 pdrs., 2 tubes . No . 109 T.B . Great Britain Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1902 166 0 17 4 8 5 194 I 2900 25.0 3—3 pdrs., 3 tubes .

No. a T.B . . Messrs Yarrow, London . 190( 172 0 18 0 5 9 263 3 3750 26.o 2—12 pdrs., 3 tubes . See also:

• GOYAZ

Goyaz . . See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . . Messrs Yarrow, London . 1907 152 6 15 q 130 3 26.5 2—3 pdrs., 2 tubes . Gabbiano . . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . Spezzia 1907 164 0 17 5 7 0 200 2 3000 26.0 3—3 pdrs., 3 tubes . No . 29 T.B .

. . Great Britain Messrs Denny, See also:

• DUMBARTON

Dumbarton . 1908 1So 0 i8 0 5 g 278 3 4000 26.0 2—12 pdrs., 3 tubes . approaching sufficiently near to a vessel to successfully attack her by means of a towing or a spar torpedo, and the See also:

• WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM (1715-1785)

Whitehead torpedo fired from a revolving tube on the deck was accordingly adopted as the armament of future torpedo-boats . This rendered it unnecessary for the torpedo-boat to approach nearer than say 400 yds., and also enabled the torpedo to be fired without stopping the boat, a point of great importance . The first torpedo-boat for the British navy was built by Messrs Thornycroft four years later; she was called the " Lightning," was 75 ft. in length and 34 tons displacement, had engines giving nearly 500 H.P., and obtained a speed of 19 knots . She was armed with a single torpedo tube . The boats which followed varied somewhat as regards size and speed, but on the whole pursued the usual course of growing larger and more powerful with each new design . By 1885 the length had gone up to 150 ft., the displacement to 125 tons and the speed to 20 knots . This last was not the highest that had been obtained, some of the earlier and smaller boats having reached 211 knots; but the boats of 1885 carried a heavier armament, consisting of six 3-pdrs. and three torpedo tubes, and were more serviceable and seaworthy craft . A very notable boat of this date was the " Swift," after-wards known as No . 81, built by J .

S . White of Cowes; she marked a great advance in seaworthiness and fighting power in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with high speed . Messrs Yarrow built for the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian navy in 1886 the " Falke," 135 ft. in length and 95 tons displacement, which obtained a speed of 22.4 knots on trial, and a similar boat for the British navy of 105 tons displacement, armed with 5 torpedo tubes and three 3-pdr. guns, which attained a speed of 23 knots on trial . About the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Messrs Thornycroft built the " Ariete " and " Royo " for the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish navy . These vessels had twin screws and water-tube boilers . The former attained a speed of 26 knots on the measured mile and 24.9 knots on a 2 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours' run, and the latter 25.5 knots on the measured mile and 24.6 knots on the 2 hours' run . In 1895 M . Normand built the torpedo-boat " Forban " for the French navy, which attained a speed of 31.2 knots on trial, and the boats of the Normand type which followed her attained equally remarkable speeds . The maximum speeds for the British torpedo-boats up to the end of the 19th century were from 23 to 23; knots . From 1901 to 1904 larger and faster types of torpedo-boats were constructed . These boats were 16o ft. to 165 ft. in length, 17 ft. to 18 ft. beam, 8; ft. draught, 18o to zoo tons displacement, 2900 I.H.P., attained a speed of 25 knots and were armed with 3 torpedo tubes . In 1906 to 1909 boats of a new and still faster type were built with See also:

• TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top)

turbine machinery and burning oil See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel instead of See also:

• COAL

coal .

These boats, 36 in number, vary from 166 to 185 ft. in length . 172 to 19 ft. beans, 5± to 6; ft. draught and 243 to 308 tons in displacement . They have engines of 360o to 4000 H.P. giving speeds of 26 and 27 knots, and are armed with two 12-pdr. guns and three torpedo tubes . The first twelve ordered in 1905 were at first known as Coastal Torpedo-boat Destroyers, and given names such as the " See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

Cricket," " Gadfly " and " Mayfly.'' They are now numbered throughout, i.e. from I to 36 . The prefix 0 has been added to the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of such of the boats originally bearing these numbers as are still in existence, to distinguish them from the new type boats.vessels, the first of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English torpedo gunboats, came closely after her . The " Rattlesnake ' was launched in 1886, was of 525 tons displacement, and had a speed of Igo knots . She carried a more powerful armament than the torpedo-boats, namely, one 4-in. gun, six 3-pdrs. and torpedo tubes . She was followed in 1888 by the " Sharpshooter,' with ten sister vessels, still larger and more heavily armed . They were 230 ft. long and 735 tons displacement, had engines developing 3500 H.P., giving a speed of 19 knots, and carried two 4.7-in . Q.F. guns, four 3-pdrs. and two torpedo tubes . France built six vessels of the " Bombe " class, and the " Leger " (a slightly larger vessel), and in 1891 to 1896 built five other torpedo gunboats of about 900 tons and 21 knots . The last was named' La Hire," and was 241 ft. long, 27 ft .

6 in. beam, 12 ft . 9 in. draught, . 890 tons displacement ; was armed with six 9-pdr. and six 3-pdr . Q.F guns and was provided with engines of 6400 I.H.P. for 23, knots . These vessels have no torpedo tubes . The torpedo cruiser, " See also:

• FLEURUS

Fleurus," laid down in 1891, was armed- with four torpedo tubes as well as five 3.9-in. and six 3-pdr. guns . She was also protected by a II-in. protective deck and fitted with a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• CELLULOSE

cellulose 3 ft. thick in the vicinity of the water-See also:

• LINE

line . Her dimensions were: length 230 ft., beam 291 ft., draught aft 15 ft., displacement 1300 tons, I.H.P . 4000, and speed 18 knots . The " See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger " class of 1892, which included eleven vessels (fig . 114, Plate XX.), were repeats of the " Sharpshooters," except that they carried an additional torpedo tube and three machine-guns, with certain See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

hull additions and more durable machinery, the displacement being increased by these causes to 810 tons, and the speed being reduced by a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot . In 1893 a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of this class of vessel was begun, known as the " Dryad " class, and considerably larger than the " Nigers," being 250 ft. long and of 1070 tons displacement .

They are of 3500 I.H.P., have a speed of i8} knots, and carry an armament of two 4.7-in . Q.F. guns, four 6-pdrs., and three torpedo tubes . Five vessels of this class were! built, the difference between their See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and that of the preceding classes being illustrated by fig . 115 (Plate XX.), which shows the " See also:

• HAZARD (0. Fr. hazard, from Span. czar, unlucky throw at dice, misfortune, from Arab. al, and zar, dice)

Hazard," which in 1910 was employed on special service in connexion with the reception and trials of British sub-See also:

• MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

marines . In these thirty-one British vessels of the torpedo gunboat class the elements of strength and seaworthiness are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed at the expense of speed, and they combine in themselves some of the functions of the torpedo-boat with many of the most important features of the small cruiser . The successive increases of displace- - ment are very largely due to additions to the hull, giving greater ^ habitability and trustworthiness for continuous See also:

• WORK

work at sea . It j will be noticed that the speed shows a continuous falling off; but the " Sharpshooter " class and subsequent vessels have been refitted with water-tube boilers in lieu of the See also:

• LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive boilers originally fitted, and some of them are in additi9n re-engined, with the result that a speed of 21 knots was obtained; this, in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather met with at sea, would probably enable them to overtake craft of lighter types possessed of considerably greater smooth-water speeds . These vessels have not been repeated, many of them have been sold, but all those remaining are actively employed on a variety I of, subsidiary but important services . engines approaching 1200 and the power being estimated at about 12,000 H.P . At the time of their completion these were the fastest vessels of any type afloat, but both were unfortunately lost at sea, the " See also:

• VIPER

Viper " after a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of service being run upon the Renouquet See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock in the Channel Islands, and the " See also:

• COBRA (Naja tripudians)

Cobra " being lost at sea on her first voyage after leaving the contractor's See also:

• WORKS

works . The results attained by these vessels led the British See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty to make further experiments with this type of machinery . The Velox," which had been launched in 1902, was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased from the See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons See also:

• COMPANY

Company, and two experimental vessels were ordered from Messrs See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

Hawthorn, See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie & Co., both 220 ft. long, about 590 tons displacement'' and with similar boilers .

Both vessels were launched in 1903 . One, the " See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden," was fitted with Parsons turbines, and reached 26.1 knots on trial ; the other, the " Waveney," with reciprocating engines, reached 25.6 knots on trial; the " Waveney had twin screws; the " Eden " had six screws, two on each of three shafts, and at high speed showed a great saving in coal See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . Experience with the 3o-knot boats led to a decision to order boats of stouter build and better sea-keeping qualities . In them the turtleback forward was replaced by a lofty forecastle, and it was laid down that the trials should be run with the boats more heavily loaded and more closely approaching their ordinary loaded See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition on service . These changes were embodied in the " River " class, in which a trial speed of 251 knots under the modified conditions was provided for . In 1902—1904 thirty-four destroyers of the River" class were ordered, of the following dimensions, &c.: length 220 to 230 ft., breadth 231 to 24 ft., mean load draught 8 ft . 2 in. to 8 ft . 8 in., displacement 540 to 590 tons, I.H.P . 7000 to 7500, speed 2s1 knots . The 1904 See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee on Designs recommended two new types of destroyers called " ocean-going " and " coastal " respectively, and also one experimental vessel of the highest speed obtainable, all to be fitted with Parsons turbines, and to use oil only for fuel . The ocean-going destroyers include five of 33 knots and the special destroyer of 35 knots named the " Swift " (fig . 118), built by Messrs See also:

• LAIRD, MACGREGOR (18o8—1861)

Laird & Co .

She was the largest destroyer afloat in 1910 . Fig . 119 (Plate XXVI.) gives a view of this vessel . From 1906 to 1908 eight ocean-going destroyers of, 33 knots of the " Tribal " class were ordered, ranging from 970 to 1045 tons displacement and armed with two 4-in. guns and two 18-in. torpedo tubes . In 1908–1909 sixteen ocean-going destroyers of the " Beagle " class Principal Dimensions, &c. m a Vessel's Name . Country . Where Built. a fil a s 0 Speed . Armament, &e . . P..4 -i q q6 Zo Ft . In . Ft . In .

Ft . In . Tons . Knots . Daring . . Great Britain Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1893 185 0 r9 0 6 6 275 2 4,200 27.0 1—12 pdr., 3—6 pdrs., 3 tubes . See also:

• SWORDFISH

Swordfish See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong, See also:

• WHITWORTH
• WHITWORTH, SIR JOSEPH

Whitworth, Elswick . 1895 200 0 19 0 6 6 330 2 4,500 27.6 1—12 pdr., 5—6 pdrs., a tubes . Sokol . See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . . Messrs Yarrow, London. x895 Igo 0 18 6 7 0 240 2 4,400 29.7 1—12 pdr., 8 others, 2 tubes .

See also:

• CORRIENTES
• CORRIENTES (San Juan de Corrientes)

Corrientes . See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina . Messrs Yarrow, London . 1896 Igo 0 19 6 7 4 280 2 4,000 27.4 1—14 pdr., 2 tubes . See also:

• CHAMOIS

Chamois . Great Britain Messrs See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer . 1896 215 0 20 9 7 3 360 2 6,200 30.0 1—12 pdr., 5—6 pdrs., 2 tubes . See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

Express „ Messrs Laird Bros . 1897 235 0 22 0 9 0 465 2 9,250 31.0 1—12 pdr., 5—6 pdrs., 2 tubes . Gipsy ' . Messrs See also:

• FAIRFIELD

Fairfield . 1897 227 6 22 0 9 0 380 2 6,300 30.0 1—12 pdr., 5—6 pdrs., 2 tubes .

Turbinia „ Hon . C . A . Parsons . 1897 100 0 9 0 3 0 441 3 2,100 32.75 Nil . Experimental boat . See also:

• ALBATROSS (from the Port. Alcatraz, a pelican)

Albatross Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1898 227 6 21 3 8 6 430 2 7,500 31.5 1—12 pdr., 5—6 pdrs., 2 tubes . Cobra Armstrong, Whitworth, Elswick . I899 210 0 21 0 6 9 350 8 x2,000 34.0 1—12 pdr., 5—6 pdrs., a Hotchkiss, 2 tubes . See also:

• BAILEY (said to be a corruption of Ballium by some, and derived by others from the Fr. baille, a corruption of bataille, because there the soldiers were drilled in battle array)
• BAILEY, NATHAN
• BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (1816-1902)
• BAILEY, SAMUEL (1791-1870)

Bailey . See also:

• UNITED

United Stan See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris Heights .

1899 205 0 19 0 6 0 280 2 5,600 30.0 4—6 pdrs., a. tubes . See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• WEYMOUTH

Weymouth, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass . 1900 242 3 22' 3 6 2 400 2 8,400 30.0 2—14 pdrs., 5—6 pdrs., 2 tubes . Dement . Great Britain Messrs Hawthorn, Leslie . 1904 220 0 23 6 8 6 555 2 7,000 25.5 4—12 pdrs., 2 tubes . Swift „ Messrs Cammell, Laird . 1907 345 0 34 2 12 0 1800 4 30,000 35.0 4—4”, 2 tubes . See also:

• TARTAR

Tartar Messrs Thornycroft, London . 1907 270 0 26 0 9 1 870 3 14,500 33.0 3—12 pdrs., 2 tubes . See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

Para . Brazil .

. Messrs Yarrow, London . 1908 240 0 23 7 so 0 550 2 8,000 27.5 2—4”, 4—3 pdre., 2 tubes . Zulu . Great Britain Messrs Hawthorn, Leslie. x909 28o 0 27 0 8 10 1000 3 15,500 33.0 2—4”, a tubes . Beagle Messrs J . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown . 1909 269:0 26 7 8 3 86o 3 12,500 27.0 1—4", 3—12 pdrs., 2 tubes . S 167 . See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany Elbing . 1909 607 x2,000 30.0 2—24 pdrs., 2 machine, 3 tubes . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith . . .

United States See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia . 1909 289 0 26 o 8 0 700 3 20,000 28.35 5—14 Pdrs., 2 machine, 3 tubes . Mameluck . . . France . . See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes . 1909 210 7 21 9 t0 4 405 3 7,750 28.o 6-9 pdrs., 3 tubes . See also:

• SAN

San Luis . Argentina Messrs Cannnell, Laird . 1910 285 0 28 0 9 0 960 2 20,000 32.0 4—4", 4 tubes . pressure, one intermediate and one See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low pressure . Each screw See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft at first carried three propellers, the See also:

• TOTAL

total number of propellers thus being nine; the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main engines was approximately 3 tons 13 cwt., and the total weight of machinery and See also:

• BOILER

boiler, screws and shafting, tanks, &c., 22 tons .

The boilers were of the water-tube type, with a working pressure of 225 lb per square See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch . The " Turbinia " was followed by the " Cobra " and " Viper " torpedo-boat destroyers . The machinery of these boats consisted of two sets, one on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the ship; each set comprised two turbines, had two expansions, and drove two shafts (making four shafts in all) . The See also:

• OUTER

outer shaft on each side was driven by a high-pressure turbine, from which the steam passed to a low-pressure turbine on the inner shaft and thence to the See also:

• CONDENSER

condenser; on the inner shaft also was a small turbine, added for going astern, the Parsons steam turbine not being adapted for reversal . ! Britain, and the first boats of the type were built for the British Steam was supplied by water-tube boilers of the express type . These I navy, See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were not slow in availing themselves of the vessels attained a speed of upwards of 34 knots, the revolutions of the 1 results obtained, and large numbers of torpedo-boat destroyers have Torpedo-boat Destroyers were primarily, as their name implies, intended to meet and destroy torpedo-boats, their larger size, greater coal capacity, heavier armament, and higher speed enabling them to overtake such boats before they could complete their attack; but it soon became evident that these additional powers also enabled the destroyer to perform the duties of the torpedo-boat more efficiently than the boat herself, and with the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the destroyer the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the smaller boat declined . The pioneers of this type of vessel were the " Daring," " See also:

• DECOY

Decoy," Havock " and " Hornet," the construction of which was entered upon in See also:

• JULY

July 1892, the two first-named at Messrs Thornycroft's and the other two at Messrs Yarrow's . They were thus contemporary with the " Dryads," the last of the torpedo gunboats . The success of these four vessels was followed with great See also:

• INTEREST

interest, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year (1893) six others were begun . One of these, the " Boxer," built by Thornycroft, attained a speed of 29.2 knots . A much greater number of destroyers (32 in all), nearly the whole of which were of 27 knots speed, were laid down in 1894 . The succeeding year (1895) saw a great advance in size, power and speed, thirteen destroyers being laid down, for each of which the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract speed was 30 knots .

Similar vessels were constructed by various firms in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for foreign powers, and abroad by Messrs See also:

• SCHICHAU, FERDINAND (1814-1896)

Schichau in Germany and M . Normand in France; the " Sokol " being constructed by Messrs Yarrow for the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian navy . Over sixty destroyers of the 3o-knot type were built for the British navy between 1895 and 1905, and in only three vessels with reciprocating engines—the " Albatross," the " Express," and the " Arab "—were speeds exceeding 30 knots contracted for . In 1896 an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to realize greater speeds, but it was found that the power and cost necessary for the addition of a few knots were disproportionate to the value of the results obtained, and the attempt was not followed by any general increase of speed above 30 to 31 knots in destroyers fitted with reciprocating engines . The general appearance of a typical destroyer of this period is shown by fig . 116 (Plate XXVI.), which represents the " Albatross " at full speed . Particulars of destroyers will be found in Table XIX . Experience with the marine steam turbine, the invention of the Hon . C . A . Parsons, See also:

• DATES

dates only from the time of the "Turbinia " (fig . 11'x, Plate See also:

• XXV

XXV.), which made her successful trials in 1898 after much Investigation on the See also:

• PART

part of the inventor .

The turbine machinery consisted of three separate turbines directly coupled to three screw shafts and working in series, one turbine being high were ordered, of 27 knots speed, coal being used as the fuel instead of oil as in the preceding classes . In 1909–1910 twenty more ocean-going destroyers of the " See also:

• ACORN

Acorn' class, designed by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864)
• WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK (1817-1904)
• WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748)

Watts, were laid down; in these oil was again adopted for fuel and a speed of 29 knots obtained . These vessels are of 780 tons displacement, 240 ft. long, 251 ft. beam, 71 ft. draught, 13,500 turbine H.P., and carry two 4-in., four I2-pdr. guns and two 21-in. torpedo tubes . The " Acorn," " Alarm " and " Brisk " are provided with Brown-See also:

• CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR (1812-1894)
• CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892)

Curtis turbines, all the others with Parsons turbines . The navy estimates for 1910 provided for laying down twenty-three destroyers . The three Australian destroyers of the Paramatta " class were designed by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Biles, and are of 700 tons displacement and 28 knots speed . While the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the torpedo-boat destroyer originated in Great been added to the fleets of foreign navies, the boats built by Messrs Schichau of Germany and Normand of France having especially achieved success in the attainment of high speeds on trial . The " See also:

• BAINBRIDGE, JOHN (1582-1643)
• BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAM (1774-1833)

Bainbridge " class (fig . 120, Plate XXV.), built for the U.S. navy in 1901, are 245 ft. long, 23 ft . 7 in. wide, draw 6 ft . 6 in. of water, and have a displacement of 420 tons . Their sea-going speed is 29 knots, and their armament consists of two 18-in. torpedo tubes, two 3-pdr .

Q.F. guns, and five 6-pdrs . The destroyers See also:

• BUILDING

building in 1910 are of 742 tons with a speed of 291 knots . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German destroyers are numbered consecutively, the numbers being prefixed by letters indicating the yard where built, Thus, S for Schichau works, Elbing; G, Germania works, See also:

• KIEL

Kiel; V, See also:

• VULCAN (Volcanos)

Vulcan works, See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin . Numbers below 90 are appropriated for torpedo-boats . Two destroyers only have names, viz . S . 97, which also bears the name " Sleipner," and is fitted to serve as the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's yacht; and one without a number named " Taku," See also:

• LATE

late " Haijing," taken from China in 1900, but built at the Schichau works in 1898 . (The British navy See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list also contains the name of a destroyer " Taku," built at the same works in 1898, and also taken from China in 1900.) The German torpedo-boat flotilla is divided up into sections, each See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section led by a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division boat of much larger size than the others . These division boats increased in size, from 226 tons displacement, 1800 I.H.P. and 21 knots speed in 1887, to 374 tons, 5500 I.H.P. and 28 knots speed in 1898 . Division boats are numbered D 1 to D To, and of these two See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear names, D 1 that of " Carmen,"armed with two 3.9-in. and four 9-pdr. guns and four torpedo tubes; Russia was building vessels of about moo tons and of 35 knots speed . Submarine Boats.—About 188o much attention began to be paid by several of the See also:

• NAVAL

naval powers to the development of the submarine boat, the United States and France in particular . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the subject goes back at least 300 years, but the first undoubted success with a submarine vessel was 'achieved by See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• BUSHNELL, HORACE (1802-1876)

Bushnell in See also:

• AMERICA

America in 1775• It was worked by one See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, for whom it provided just sufficient See also:

• ROOM

room; its general appearance, according to Bushnell's own description, See also:

• BORE

bore some resemblance to two upper See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise shells of equal size joined together, the entrance to the vessel being represented by the openings in the swellings of the shells at the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; the See also:

• BODY

body of the vessel was constructed of wood .

The operations on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board were entirely See also:

• MANUAL

manual . By an See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a screw with its spindle passing through the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top the boat was sunk or raised, by another oar at the after end it was propelled; a See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder was used for guidance, and in some cases for propulsion; valves admitted water when submergence was required, and I i ie d :avw . 1- { = 1s>•IB/YV e TT. o L~ ®~i~ia z ter . -_~.~=See also:

• ASP ( Vipera aspis)

asp FIG . I18.—Torpedo-boat Destroyer " Swift." 1, Fore See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak . 6, See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

Chain locker . 10, Boiler-room . 14, See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward-room . 18, 4-in . Q.F. gun . 2, See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

Crew space . 7, Fresh-water tank. r1, Engine-room .

I5, See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine . 19, 18-in. torpedo tube 3, Oil-fuel tank . 8, Naval See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store . 12, See also:

• DYNAMO (a shortened form of " dynamo-electric machine," from Gr. Sbvaµis, power)

Dynamo-room . 16, Spirit-room . 20, Boat stowed . 4, \V.T.compartment . 9, Magazine and See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell- 13, See also:

• CABIN

Cabin . 17, Store . 21, Ventilator . 5, Paint-room . room .

r 'S 'a eoo See also:

• MEW

MEW aee and D 2 " Alice See also:

• ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (1858— )

Roosevelt." Since 1898 torpedo-boat destroyers have been built in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of division boats . The first 46, built between 1898 and 1906, are of very similar type, the length gradually increasing from 207 to 216 ft., the displacement from 394 to 480 tons, engine-power from 5400 to 6500 I.H.P., speed from 261 to 28 knots, while the breadth remained at 23 ft., and the draught at 71 ft . G 137, built at Kiel in 1906, is 235 ft. long, 56o tons displacement, Il,000 I.H.P., and obtained 33.9 knots speed . The nominal speed of the 48 vessels which followed is 30 knots, but several have exceeded this speed on trial . Recent destroyers are about 62o tons displacement, 12,000 H.P., and speeds of 34 to 36 knots have been reported . They are armed with two 24-pdr . Q.F., two machine-fins and three torpedo tubes!' while two of 950 tons and 18,000 were launched in 1910 . In 1902–1903 See also:

• JAPAN

Japan built in her own yards three destroyers of 375 tons, 6000 I.H.P. and 29 knots, armed with two 12-pdr. and four 6-pdr. guns and two torpedo tubes . She had previously obtained a number of boats from Messrs Thornycroft & Yarrow . The " Niji" (fig . 121, Plate XXV.) was one of the " lkadzuchi " class built by Messrs Yarrow; of 340 tons displacement, 6000 I.H.P. and 31 knots speed, armed with two 12-pdr. and four 6-pdr. guns and two torpedo tubes, and may be taken as typical of all of the foreign built See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese destroyers . Between 1904 and 1908 Japan built 35 destroyers of 375 tons, 6000 I.H.P. and 29 knots, carrying six 12-pdr. guns and 2 torpedo tubes; and in 1910 was building two ocean-going destroyers, the " Umikaze " and " Yamakaze," of 1150 tons, 20,500 H.P. and 35 knots, armed with two 4-in. and five 12-pdr. guns and three 18-in. torpedo tubes .

The largest torpedo-boat destroyers building by France in 1910 were of 750 tons displacement, 14,000 H.P., 31 knots speed andhand pumps discharged this water when it was desired to come to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and a detachable weight of 200 lb was also supplied for emergency use . The