ST See also:

• ST HILARION (c. 290--371)

HILARION (c. 290--371)  , See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot, the first to introduce the monastic See also:

• SYSTEM

system into See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is a See also:

• LIFE

life written by St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome; it was based upon a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, no longer extant, written by St See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius, who had known See also:

• HILARION, ST (c. 290--371)

Hilarion . The accounts in See also:

• SOZOMEN

Sozomen are mainly based on Jerome's Vita; but See also:

• OTTO

Otto Zocker has shown that Sozomen also had at his disposal See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• LOCAL

local traditions (see " Hilarion von See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza " in the Neue Jahrbilcher See also:

• FIR

fir deutsche Theologie, 1894), the most important study on Hilarion, which is written against the hypercritical school of Weingarten and shows that Hilarion must be accepted as an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical personage and the Vita as a substantially correct See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his career . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen parents at Tabatha near Gaza about 29o; he was sent to See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria for his See also:

• EDUCATION

education and there became a convert to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity; about 306 he visited St See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony and became his See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, embracing the eremitical life . He returned to his native See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and for many years lived as a See also:

• HERMIT

hermit in the See also:

• DESERT

desert by the marshes on the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian border . Many disciples put them-selves under his guidance; but his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence must have been limited to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south Palestine, for there is no mention of him in See also:

• PALLADIUS, RUTILIUS TAURUS AEMILIANUS

Palladius or Cassian . In 356 he See also:

• LEFT

left Palestine and went again to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt; but the accounts given in the Vita of his travels during the last fifteen years of his life must be taken with extreme caution . It is there said that he went from Egypt to See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, and thence to See also:

• EPIDAURUS

Epidaurus, and finally to See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus where he met Epiphanius and died in 371 . An abridged See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of his life will be found in See also:

• ALBAN, SAINT

Alban See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler's Lives of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints, on the 21st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, and a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch with full references in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed . 3) . (E . C .

B.) HILAR?US (HILARY1), ST (c . 300-367), See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Pictavium (See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers), an eminent " See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor " of the Western See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, some-times referred to as the " malleus Arianorum " and the " See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West," was born at Poitiers about the end of the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . His parents were pagans of distinction . He received a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good education, including what had even then become somewhat rare in the West, some knowledge of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek . He studied, later on, the Old and New Testament writings, with the result that he abandoned his neo-See also:

• PLATONISM

platonism for Christianity, and with his wife and his daughter received the See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament of See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism . So See also:

• GREAT

great was the respect in which he was held by the citizens of Poitiers that about 353, although still a married See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, he was unanimously elected bishop . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Arianism was threatening to overrun the Western Church; to repel the irruption was the great task which Hilary undertook . One of his first steps was to secure the See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication, by those of the Gallican See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy who still remained orthodox, of See also:

• SATURNINUS, LUCIUS APPULEIUS

Saturninus, the Arian bishop of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles and of Ursacius and See also:

• VALENS

Valens, two of his prominent supporters . About the same time he wrote to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius a remonstrance against the persecutions by which the Arians had sought to crush their opponents (Ad Constantium Augustum See also:

• LIBER

liber primes, of which the most probable date is 355) . His efforts were not at first successful, for at the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of Biterrae (See also:

• BEZIERS

Beziers), summoned in 356 by 1 The name is derived from Gr. iaapos, See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay, cheerful, whence hilarious, hilarity . Constantius with the professed purpose of settling the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-See also:

• STANDING

standing disputes, Hilary was by an imperial rescript banished with Rhodanus of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse to See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia, in which See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile he spent nearly four years . Thence, however, he continued to govern his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese; while he found leisure for the preparation of two of the most important of his contributions to dogmatic and polemical See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, the De synodis or De fide Orientalium, an See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle addressed in 358 to the Semi-Arian bishops in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, expounding the true views (sometimes veiled in ambiguous words (of the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental bishops on the Nicene controversy, and the De trinitate libri xii.,' composed in 359 and 36o, in which, for the first time, a successful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express in Latin the theological subtleties elaborated in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Greek .

The former of these See also:

• WORKS

works was not entirely approved by some members of his own party, who thought he had shown too great forbearance towards the Arians; to their criticisms he replied in the Apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis responsa . In 359 Hilary attended the See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation of bishops at See also:

• SELEUCIA (Gr. EeXeimeta)

Seleucia in See also:

• ISAURIA

Isauria, where, with the Egyptian Athanasians, he joined the Homoiousian See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority against the Arianizing party headed by Acacius of Caesarea; thence he went to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and, in a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition (Ad Constanlium Augustum See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber See also:

• SECUNDUS, JOHANNES
• SECUNDUS, PUBLIUS POMPONIUS

secundus) personally presented to the emperor in 36o, repudiated the calumnies of his enemies and sought to vindicate his trinitarian principles . His urgent and repeated See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for a public discussion with his opponents, especially with Ursacius and Valens, proved at last so inconvenient that he was sent back to his diocese, which he appears to have reached about 361, within a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time of the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian . He was occupied for two or three years in combating Arianism within his diocese; but in 364, extending his efforts once more beyond Gaul, he impeached See also:

• AUXENTIUS (fl. c. 370)

Auxentius, bishop of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, and a man high in the imperial favour, as heterodox . Summoned to appear before the emperor (Valentinian) at Milan and there maintain his charges, Hilary had the See also:

• MORTIFICATION

mortification of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing the supposed heretic give satisfactory answers to all the questions proposed; nor did his (doubtless sincere) denunciation of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan as a hypocrite See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save himself from an ignominious See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from Milan . In 365 he published the Contra Arianos vel Auxentium Mediolanensent Tiber, in connexion with the controversy; and also (but perhaps at a somewhat earlier date) the Contra Constantium Augustum Tiber, in which he pronounced that lately deceased emperor to have been See also:

• ANTICHRIST (avrixpu ros)

Antichrist, a See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel against See also:

• GOD

God, " a See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant whose See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• OBJECT

object had been to make a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift to the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil of that See also:

• WORLD

world for which See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ had suffered." Hilary is sometimes regarded as the first Latin See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian hymn-writer, but none of the compositions assigned to him is indisputable . The later years of his life were spent in See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative quiet, devoted in See also:

• PART

part to the preparation of his expositions of the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms (Tractatus super Psalmos), for which he was largely indebted to See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen; of his Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei, a See also:

• WORK

work on allegorical lines of no exegetical value; and of his no longer extant See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Origen's commentary on See also:

• JOB

Job . While he thus closely followed the two great Alexandrians, Origen and Athanasius, in exegesis and Christology respectively, his work shows many traces of vigorous See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent thought . He died in 367; no more exact date is trustworthy . He holds the highest See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the Latin writers of his century . Designated already by See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine as " the illustrious doctor of the churches," he by his works exerted an increasing influence in later centuries; and by See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. he was formally recognized as " universae ecclesiae doctor " at the synod of See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux in 1851 . Hilary's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar is the 13th of See also:

• JANUARY

January ?

Hilary's 'bwn See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was De fide contra Arianos . It really deals less with the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the Trinity than with that of the Incarnation . That it is not an easy work to read is due partly to the nature of the subject, partly to the fact that it was issued in detached portions . 2 " Hilary " was the name of one of the four terms of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English legal See also:

• YEAR

year . These terms were abolished by the Judicature See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, 1873, s . 26, and " sittings " substituted .