See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• ROWLAND, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1848-1901)

ROWLAND See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• SIR ROWLAND HILL (1795-1879)

HILL (1795-1879)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, author of the See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny postal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, a younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• DAVENPORT
• DAVENPORT, EDWARD LOOMIS (1816-1877)
• DAVENPORT, ROBERT (fl. 1623—1639)

Davenport See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, and third son of T . W . Hill, who named him after See also:

• ROWLAND, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1848-1901)

Rowland Hill the preacher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1795 at See also:

• KIDDERMINSTER

Kidderminster . As a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child he had, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of an See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the spine, to maintain a recumbent position, and his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal method of relieving the irksomeness of his situation was to repeat figures aloud consecutively until he had reached very high totals . A similar See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent of mind was manifested when he entered school in 18os, his aptitude for See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics being quite exceptional . But he was indebted for the direction of his abilities in no small degree to the guidance of his See also:

• FATHER

father, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of advanced See also:

• POLITICAL

political and social views, which were qualified and balanced by the strong See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical tendency of his mind . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve Rowland began to assist in teaching mathematics in his father's school at Hilltop, See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, and latterly he had the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief management of the school . On his See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment was removed in 1819 to Hazelwood, a more commodious See also:

• BUILDING

building in the Hagley Road, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to have the advantages of a large See also:

• BODY

body of boys, for the purpose of properly carrying out an improved system of See also:

• EDUCATION

education . That system, which was devised principally by Rowland, was expounded in a pamphlet entitled Plans for the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government and Education of Boys in Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers, the first edition of which appeared in 1822, and a second with additions in 1827 . The principal feature of the system was " to leave as much as possible all See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the hands of the boys themselves "; and it was so successful that, in a circular issued six years after the experiment had been in operation; it was announced that " the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master had never once exercised his right of See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto on their proceedings." It may be said that Rowland Hill, as an educationist, is entitled to a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold of See also:

• RUGBY

Rugby, and was equally successful with him in making moral See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the highest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind the predominant power in school discipline . After his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1827 Hill removed to a new school at See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, See also:

• TOTTENHAM

Tottenham, which he conducted until failing See also:

• HEALTH

health compelled him to retire in 1833 . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he became secretary of See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for colonizing See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of which he explained in 1832 in a pamphlet on See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home Colonies, afterwards partly reprinted during the Irish See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine See also:

• TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Home Colonies for See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland .

It was in 1835 that his zeal as an administrative reformer was. first directed to the postal system . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery which resulted from these investigations is when stated so easy of comprehension that there is See also:

• GREAT

great danger of losing sight of its originality and thoroughness . A fact which enhances its merit was that he was not a See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official, and possessed no practical experience of the details of the old system . After a laborious collection of See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics he succeeded in demonstrating that the principal expense of See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage was in receiving and distributing, and that the cost of See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance differed so little with the distance that a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• RATE

rate of See also:

• POSTAGE

postage was in reality the fairest to all parties that could be adopted . Trusting also that the deficiency in the postal rate would be made up by the immense increase of See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, and by the saving which would be obtained from prepayment, from improved methods of keeping accounts, and from lessening the expense of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution,, he in his famous pamphlet published in 1837 recommended that within the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom the rate for letters not exceeding See also:

• HALF

half an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight should be only one penny . The employment of postage stamps is mentioned only as a suggestion, and in the following words: " Perhaps the difficulties might be obviated by using a See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper just large enough to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp, and covered at the back with a glutinous See also:

• WASH, THE

wash which by applying a little moisture might be attached to the back of the letter." Proposals so striking. and novel in regard to a subject in which every one had a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INTEREST

interest commanded. immediate and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . So great became the pressure of public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion against the opposition offered to the measure by official pre-possessions and prejudices that in 1838 the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons appointed a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee to examine the subject . The committee having reported favourably; a See also:

• BILL

bill to carry out Hill's recommendations was brought in by the government . The See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act received the royal assent in 1839, and after an intermediate rate of four-pence had been in operation from the 5th of December of that See also:

• YEAR

year, the penny rate commenced on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 184o, Hill received an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury in order to super-intend the introduction of his reforms, but he was compelled to retire when . the Liberal government resigned office in 1841 . In See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the loss he thus sustained, and to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the public appreciation of his services, he was in 1846 presented with the sum of £13,360 . On the Liberals returning to office in the same year he was appointed secretary to the postmaster-general and in 1854 he was made chief secretary . His ability as a practical administrator enabled him to supplement his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original discovery by See also:

• MEASURES

measures realizing its benefits in a degree commensurate with continually improving facilities of communication, and in a manner best combining cheapness with efficiency .

In 186o his services were rewarded with the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood; and when failing health compelled him to resign his office in 1864, he received from See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of £20,000 and was also allowed to retain his full See also:

• SALARY

salary of £20oo a year as retiring See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . In 1864 the university of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L., and on the 6th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1879 he was presented with the freedom of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LONDON

London . The presentation, on account of his infirm health, took place at his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• HAMPSTEAD

Hampstead, and he died on the 27th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August following . He was buried in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . He wrote, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with his brother, See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur Hill, a See also:

• HISTORY

History of Penny Postage, published in 188o, with an See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory memoir by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, G . See also:

• BIRKBECK, GEORGE (1776-1841)

Birkbeck Hill . See also See also:

• SIR

Sir Rowland Hill, the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story of a Great Reform, told by his daughter (1907) . To commemorate his memory the Rowland Hill Memorial and Benevolent Fund was founded shortly after his See also:

• DEATH

death for the purpose of relieving distressed persons connected with the post office who were outside the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of the See also:

• SUPERANNUATION (formed on the basis of " annual," " annuity," from the Late Lat. superannatus, one that has lived beyond the year, super, above, and annus, year, Fr. suranner, to grow very old)

Superannuation Act . See also PosT AND POSTAL SERVICE .