See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

HIPPOPOTAMUS (" See also:

• RIVER

river-See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)  , the name of the largest representative of the non-ruminating artiodactyle ungulate mammals, and its living and See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct relatives . The See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), which formerly inhabited all the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa but whose range has now been much restricted, is most likely the See also:

• BEHEMOTH (the intensive plural of the Hebrew b'hernah, a beast)

behemoth of Scripture, and may very probably in Biblical times have been found in the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan valley, since at a still earlier (See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene) See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch it ranged over a large See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It typifies not only a genus, but likewise a See also:

• FAMILY

family, Hippopotamidae, distinguished from its relatives the pigs andsound; the eyes are placed high up on the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, but little below the level of the ears; while the gape is wide, and the upper See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip thick and bulging so as to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover over even its large tusks when the mouth is closed . The molars, which show See also:

• TREFOIL (Lat. trif olium, three-leaved plant, Fr. trk/le, Ger. Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen)

trefoil-shaped grinding-surfaces are well adapted for masticating See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable substances, while the formidable See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear-like incisors and curved See also:

• CHISEL (from the O. Fr. cisel, modern ciseau, Late Lat. cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut)

chisel-edged canines or tusks See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root up See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank grass like an agricultural See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement . The legs are See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, so that the See also:

• BODY

body is but little elevated above the ground; and the feet, which are small in proportion to the See also:

• SIZE

size of the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, terminate in four short toes each bearing a small hoof . With the exception of a few tufts of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair on the lips, on the sides of the head and See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, and at the extremity of the short robust tail, the skin of the hippopotamus, some portions of which are 2 in. in thickness, is destitute of covering . Hippopotamuses are gregarious animals, living in herds of from 20 to 40 individuals on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and in the beds of rivers, in the neighbourhood of which they most readily find appropriate See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . This consists chiefly of grass and of aquatic See also:

• PLANTS

plants, of which these animals consume enormous quantities, the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach being capable of containing from 5 to 6 bushels . They feed principally by See also:

• NIGHT

night, remaining in the See also:

• WATER

water during the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, although in districts where they are little disturbed they are less exclusively aquatic . In such remote quarters, they put their heads boldly out of the water to See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow, but when rendered suspicious they become exceedingly cautious in this respect, only exposing their nostrils above the water, and even this they prefer doing amid the shelter of water plants . In spite of their enormous size and uncouth See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, they are See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert swimmers and See also:

• DIVERS

divers, and can remain easily under the water from five to eight minutes . They walk on the bottoms of rivers, beneath at least 1 ft. of water .

At nightfall they come on See also:

• LAND

land to feed; and when, as often happens on the banks of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, they reach cultivated ground, they do immense damage to growing crops, destroying by their ponderous tread even more than they devour . To scare away these unwelcome visitors the natives in such districts are in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of kindling fires at night . Although hippopotamuses do not willingly go far from the water on which their existence depends, they occasionally travel long distances by night in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of food, and in spite of their clumsy See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance are able to climb steep banks and precipitous ravines with ease . Of a wounded hippopotamus which See also:

• SIR

Sir S . See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD (1568-1644/5)
• BAKER, SIR SAMUEL WHITE (1821-1893)
• BAKER, THOMAS (1656-1740)
• BAKER, VALENTINE [BAKER PASHA] (1827-1887)

Baker saw leaving the water and galloping inland, he writes: " I never could have imagined that so unwieldy an animal could have exhibited such See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed . No See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man could have had a See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape." The hippopotamus does not confine itself to rivers and lakes, but has been known to prefer the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the ocean as its See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home during the day . Of a mild and inoffensive disposition, it seeks to avoid collision with man; when wounded, however, or in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of its See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, it exhibits great ferocity, and native canoes are capsized and occasionally demolished by its infuriated attacks; the bellowing grunt then becoming loud enough to be heard a mile away . As among elephants, so also among hippopotamuses there are " rogues "—old bulls which have become soured in solitude, and are at all times dangerous . Assuming the offensive on every occasion, they attack all and sundry without See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of provocation; and the natives avoid their haunts, which are usually well known . The only other living See also:

• SPECIES

species is the See also:

• PYGMY, or PIGMY (Gr. avy,uavos, from avypij, a Greek measure of length corresponding to " the distance between the elbow and knuckles " of a man of average size)

pygmy hippopotamus, H . (Choeropsis) liberiensis, of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Africa, an animal not larger than a clumsily made See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig of full dimensions, and characterized by having generally one (in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of two) pair of incisors . It is much less aquatic than its See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant relative, having, in fact, the habits of a pig .

A small extinct species (H. lemerlei) inhabited See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar at a comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent date; while other See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf kinds were natives of See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete (H. minutes) and See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily (H. pentlandi) during the Pleistocene . A large form of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary species (H. amphibius See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major) was distributed over Europe as far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north as See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire at the same epoch; while an allied species (H. palaeindicus) inhabited Pleistocene See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . Contemporary with. the latter was, however, a species (H. namadicus) with three pairs of incisors; and " hexaprotodont " hippopotamuses are --es - -' =s., The Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) . peccaries, or Suidae, by the following assemblage of characters: Muzzle very broad and rounded . Feet short and broad, with four subequal toes, bearing short rounded hoofs, and all reaching the ground in walking . Incisors not rooted but continuously growing; those of the upper See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw curved and directed down-wards; those of the See also:

• LOWER

lower straight and procumbent . Canines very large, curved, continuously growing; upper ones directed downwards . Premolars I ; molars . Stomach complex . No caecum . In form the hippopotamus is a huge, unwieldy creature, measuring in the largest specimens fully 14 ft. from the extremity of the upper lip to the tip of the tail, while it ordinarily attains a length of 12 ft., with a height of 5 ft. at the shoulders, and a girth See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the thickest part of the body almost equal to its length . The small ears are exceedingly flexible, and kept in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion when the animal is seeking to catch a distant also characteristic of the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene of India and See also:

• BURMA

Burma (H. sivalensis and H. iravadicus), and of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Europe (H. hipponensis) .

For the ancestral genera of the hippopotamus See also:

• LINE

line, see See also:

• ARTIODACTYLA (from Gr. &prws, even, and SatcrVJws, a finger or toe, "even-toed")
• ARTIODACTYLA, PECORA, TYLOPODA

ARTIODACTYLA . (R .