See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• BARON HIRSCH AUF GEREUTH MAURICE DE HIRSCH
• HIRSCH, SAMSON RAPHAEL (r8o8-1888)

HIRSCH AUF GEREUTH See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

MAURICE DE HIRSCH  , in the baronage of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria (1831-1896), capitalist and philanthropist (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, Austro-Hungarian by See also:

• DOMICILE (Lat. domicilium, from domus, home)

domicile), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, gth See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1831 . His grandfather, the first Jewish landowner in Bavaria, was ennobled with the pradikat " auf Gereuth " in 1818; his See also:

• FATHER

father, who was banker to the Bavarian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, was created a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron in 1869 . The See also:

• FAMILY

family for generations has occupied a prominent position in the German Jewish community . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of thirteen See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• HIRSCH, MAURICE DE, BARON HIRSCH AUF GEREUTH
• HIRSCH, SAMSON RAPHAEL (r8o8-1888)

Hirsch was sent to See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels to school, . but when seventeen years old he went into business . In 1855 he became associated with the banking See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Bischoffsheim & See also:

• GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (1802-1866)

Goldschmidt, of Brussels, See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . He amassed a large See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, which he increased by purchasing and working railway concessions in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and the Balkans, and by speculations in See also:

• SUGAR

sugar and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper . While living in See also:

• GREAT

great splendour in Paris and London and on his estates in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, he devoted much of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to schemes for the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of his See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew co-religionists in lands where they were persecuted and oppressed . He took a deep See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the educational See also:

• WORK

work of the See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance Israelite Universelle, and on two occasions presented the society with gifts of a million francs . For some years he regularly paid the deficits in the accounts of the Alliance, amounting to several thousand pounds a See also:

• YEAR

year . In 1889 he capitalized his donations and presented the society with securities producing an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual income of £r6,000 . On the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• THRONE

throne he gave £5oo,000 for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary and technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools in See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia and the Bukowina . The greatest charitable enterprise on which he embarked was in connexion with the persecution of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (see See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

ANTI-SEMITISM) .

He gave £ro,000 to the funds raised for the repatriation of the refugees in 1882, but, feeling that this was a very lame conclusion to the efforts made in western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe for the relief of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian Jews, he offered the Russian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government £2,000,000 for the endowment of a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• EDUCATION

education to be established in the Jewish See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . The Russian Government was willing to accept the See also:

• MONEY

money, but declined to allow any foreigner to be concerned in its See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control or See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Thereupon Baron de Hirsch resolved to devote the money to an See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration and colonization See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme which should afford the persecuted Jews opportunities of establishing themselves in agricultural colonies outside Russia . He founded the Jewish Colonization Association as an See also:

• ENGLISH

English society, with a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of £2,000,000, and in 1892 he presented to it a further sum of £7,000,000 . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his wife in 1899 the capital was increased to £1 1,000,000, of which £I,250,000 went to the See also:

• TREASURY

Treasury, after some litigation, in death duties . This enormous fund, which is probably the greatest charitable See also:

• TRUST

trust in the See also:

• WORLD

world, is now managed by delegates of certain Jewish See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, chiefly the Anglo-Jewish Association of London and the Alliance Israelite Universelle of Paris, among whom the shares in the association have been divided . The association, which is prohibited from working for profit, possesses large colonies in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, See also:

• CANADA

Canada and See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . In addition to its vast agricultural work it has a gigantic and complex machinery for dealing with the whole problem of Jewish persecution, including emigration and distributing agencies, technical schools, co-operative factories, savings and See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model dwellings in the congested Russian jewries . It also subventions and assists a large number of societies all over the world whose work is connected with the relief and rehabilitation of Jewish refugees . Besides this great organization, Baron de Hirsch founded in 1881 a benevolent trust in the See also:

• UNITED

United States for the benefit of Jewish immigrants, which he endowed with £493,000 . His minor charities were on a princely See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and during his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in London he distributed over £100,000 among the See also:

• LOCAL

local hospitals . It was in this manner that he disposed of the whole See also:

• GROSS

gross proceeds derived from his successes on the English See also:

• TURF

turf, of which he was a lavish See also:

• PATRON

patron .

He raced, as he said himself, " for the London hospitals," and in 1892, when his filly, La See also:

• FLECHE (French for " arrow ")

Fleche, won the Oaks, St Leger and One Thousand Guineas, his donations from this source amounted to about £40,000 . Baron de Hirsch married on 28th See also:

• JUNE

June 1855 See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara, daughter of Senator Bischoffsheim of Brussels (b . 1833), by whom he had a son and daughter, both of whom predeceased him . He died at Ogyalla, near Komorn, in Hungary, 21st See also:

• APRIL

April 1896 . The baroness, who seconded her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband's charitable work with great munificence—their See also:

• TOTAL

total benefactions have been estimated at £18,000,000,—died at Paris on the 1st of April 1899 . For details of Baron de Hirsch's See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief charities see the annual reports of the Alliance Israelite Universelle and of the " Adminis- tration Centrale " of the Jewish Colonization Association . (L . W.) See also:

• HOREB

Horeb, and commentaries on the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch and See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms . These are marked by much originality, but their exegesis is fanciful . Three volumes of his essays have been published (1902-1908); these were collected as Gesammelte Schriften from his periodical .I eschurun . For Hirsch's religious See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy see S . A .

Hirsch, A See also:

• BOOK

Book of Essays (London, 1905) . (I . A.) HIRSCHBERG, a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia, beautifully situated at the confluence of the See also:

• BOBER

Bober and Zacken, 112o ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, 48 m . S.E. of See also:

• GORLITZ

Gorlitz, on the railway to See also:

• GLATZ (Slay. Kladsko)

Glatz, with branches to Grunthal and Schmiedeberg . Pop . (1905) 19,317 . It is surrounded by pleasant promenades occupying the site of its former fortifications . It possesses an Evangelical See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, the church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• CROSS

Cross, one of the six Gnaden Kirchen for the Silesian Protestants stipulated for in the agreement at See also:

• ALTRANSTADT

Altranstadt between See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII. of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and the emperor Joseph I. in 1707, four See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches, one of which See also:

• DATES

dates from the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, a See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue, several schools, an orphanage and an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum . The town is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce in the Silesian mountains, and its See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries include the See also:

• CARDING

carding and See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, and the manufacture of See also:

• LINEN

linen and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton fabrics, See also:

• YARN

yarn, artificial See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, sealing-See also:

• WAX

wax, blacking, chemicals and See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider . There is also a lively See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and agricultural produce . The town is celebrated for its romantic surroundings, including the Cavalierberg, from which there is a splendid view, the Hausberg, the See also:

• HELICON
• HELICON (Fr. helicon, bombardon circulaire; Ger. Helikon)

Helicon, crowned by a small Doric See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, the Kreuzberg, with walks commanding beautiful views, and the Sattler See also:

• RAVINE

ravine, over which there is a railway viaduct . Hirschberg was in existence in the Irth century, and obtained town rights in r ro8 from See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Boleslaus of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland .

It withstood a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by the See also:

• HUSSITES

Hussites in 1427, and an attack of the imperial troops in 1640 . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of its prosperity was laid in the 16th century by the introduction of the manufacture of linen and veils . Hirschberg is also the name of a town of Thuringia on the See also:

• SAALE

Saale with manufactures of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and knives . Pop . 2000 .