ROSWELL

DWIGHT

See also:

• HITCHCOCK
• HITCHCOCK, GEORGE (1850-- )
• ROSWELL DWIGHT HITCHCOCK (1817–1887)

HITCHCOCK (1817–1887)  , American divine, was born at East Machias, Maine, on the 1.5th of August 1817, graduated at Amherst College in 1836, and later studied at Andover Theological Seminary, Mass . After a visit to Germany he was a tutor at Amherst in 1839–1842, and was minister of the First (Congregational) Church, Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1845–1852 . He became professor of natural and revealed religion in Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1852, and in 1855 professor of church history in the Union Theological Seminary in New York, of which he was president in 1880-1887 . He died at Somerset, Mass., on the 16th of June 1887 . Among his works are: Life of Edward Robinson (1863); Socialism (1879); Carmina Sanctorum (with Z . Eddy and L . W . Mudge, 1885); and Eternal Atonement (1888) . HITCHIN-HITTITES 19th century, to the discovery of the important part played in the Syrian campaigns of Tethmosis (Thothmes) III. by the H–t8 (vulgarly transliterated Kheta, though the vocalization is ur<-certain) . The coincidence of this name, beginning with an aspirate, led H . K . Brugsch to identify the Kheta with Heth .

That

identification stands, and no earlier Egyptian mention of the race has been found . Tethmosis III. found the Kheta (" Great " and " Little ") in N . Syria, not apparently at Kadesh, but at Carchemish, though they had not been in possession of the latter place long (not in the epoch of Tethmosis I.'s Syrian campaign) . They were a power strong enough to give the Pharaoh cause to vaunt his success (see also EGYPT: Ancient History, § " The New Empire ") . Though he says he levied tribute upon them, his successors in the dynasty nearly all record fresh wars with the Kheta who appear as the northern-most of Pharaoh's enemies, and Amenophis or Amenhotep III. saw fit to take to wife Gilukhipa, a Syrian princess, who may or may not have been a Hittite . This queen is by some supposed to have introduced into Egypt certain exotic ideas which blossomed in the reign of Amenophis IV . The first Pharaoh of the succeeding dynasty, Rameses I., came to terms with a Kheta king called Saplel or Saparura; but Seti I. again attacked the Kheta (1366 B.c.), who had apparently pushed southwards . Forced back by Seti, the Kheta returned and were found holding Kadesh by Rameses II., who, in his fifth year, there fought against them and a large body of allies, drawn probably in part from beyond Taurus, the battle which occasioned the monumental poem of Pentaur . After long struggles, a treaty was concluded in Rameses's twenty-first year, between Pharaoh and " Khetasar " (i.e . Kheta-king), of which we possess an Egyptian copy . The discovery of a cuneiform tablet containing a copy of this same treaty, in the Babylonian language, was reported from Boghaz Keui in Cappadocia by H . Winckler in 1907 .

It argues the Kheta a

people of considerable civilization . The Kheta king subsequently visited Pharaoh and gave him his daughter to wife . Rameses' successor, Mineptah, remained on terms with the Kheta folk; but in the reign of Rameses III . (Dyn . XX.) the latter seem to have joined in the great raid of northern tribes on Egypt which was checked by the battle of Pelusium . From this point (c . 1150 B.e.)—the point at which (roughly) the monarchic history of Israel in Palestine opens—Egyptian records cease to mention Kheta; and as we know from other sources that the latter continued powerful in Carchemish for some centuries to come, we must presume that the rise of the Israelite state inter-posed an effective political barrier . 3 . Assyrian Records.—In an inscription of Tiglath Pileser I . (about rroo B.C.), first deciphered in 1857, a people called Khatti is mentioned as powerful in Girgamish on Euphrates (i.e . Carchemish); and in other records of the same monarch, subsequently read, much mention is made of this and of other N . Syrian names .

These Khatti appear again in the

inscriptions of Assur-nazir-pal (early 9th century B.C.), in whose time Carchemish was very wealthy, and the Khatti power extended far over N . Syria and even into Mesopotamia . Shalmaneser II . (d . 825 B.C.) raided the Khatti and their allies year after year; and at last Sargon III., in 717 B.C., relates that he captured Carchemish and its king, Pisiris, and put an end to its independence . We hear no more of it thenceforward . These Khatti, there is no reasonable doubt, are identical with Kheta . (For the chronology see further under BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA.) 4 . Other Cuneiform Records.—The name of the race appears in certain of the Tel-el-Amarna letters, tablets written in Babylonian script to Amenophis (Amenhotep) IV. and found in 1892 on the site of his capital . Some of his governors in Syrian districts (e.g. one Aziru of Phoenicia) report movements of the Hittites, who were then pursuing an aggressive policy (about 1400 B.O . There are also other letters from rulers of principalities in N . Syria (Mitanni) and E .

Asia Minor (Arzawa), who write in non-Semitic tongues and are supposed to have been Hittites: Certain Kltate or Khali are mentioned in the Vannic inscriptions (deciphered partially by A . H .