HITTITES  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• PEOPLE

people, alluded to frequently in the earlier records of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, and also, under slightly variant names, in See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian records of the XVIIIth, XIXth and XXth Dynasties, and in See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian from about iroo to 700 B.C . They appear also in the Vannic See also:

• CUNEIFORM (from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

cuneiform texts, and are believed to be the authors of a class of monuments bearing See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions in a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar pictographic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and widely distributed over See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and N . See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, around which much controversy has raged during the past See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years . 1 . The See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible.—In the Old Testament the name of the See also:

• RACE

race is written Heth (with initial aspirate), .members of it being Hitti, Hittim, which the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint renders x&, xerralor, xer'refv or xerrelp, keeping, it will be noted, a in the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem throughout . The race appears in two connexions . (a) In pre-Israelite See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, it is See also:

• RESIDENT

resident about See also:

• HEBRON (mod. Khulzl er-Rahman, i.e. " the friend of the Merciful One "—an allusion to Abraham)

Hebron (Gen. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 3), and in the central uplands (Num. xiii . 29) . To See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua (i . 4) is promised " from the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness and this See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon even unto the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RIVER

river, the river See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, all the See also:

• LAND

land of the Hittites." The See also:

• TERM

term " wilderness " here is of See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

ambiguity; but the promise is usually taken to mean that Palestine itself was See also:

• PART

part of the Hittite land before the coming of Israel; and an See also:

• APOSTROPHE (Gr. aroarporbit, turning away; the final e being sounded)

apostrophe of See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel (xvi . 3) to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, " thy See also:

• MOTHER

mother (was) an Hittite," is quoted in See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation .

Under the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy we hear frequently of Hittites within the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Israel, but either as a small subject people, coupled with other See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty tribes, or as individuals in the Jewish service (e.g . Uriah, in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David) . It appears, therefore, that there survived in Palestine to See also:

• LATE

late times a detached Hittite See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, with which See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews sometimes intermarried (See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges iii . 5-6 ; Gen. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 34) and lived in relations now amicable, now tyrannical (e.g . Hittites were made tributary bondsmen by See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon, i See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings ix . 20, 21; 2 Chron. viii . 7, 8) . (b) An See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and powerful Hittite people was domiciled N. of Palestine proper, organized rather as a confederacy of tribes than a single monarchy (r Kings x . 28; 2 Kings vii . 6) . Presumably it was a daughter of these Hittites that Solomon took to wife .

If the emendation of 2 Sam. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 64, " Tahtim-hodshi," based on the Septuagint version yriv Xerreiµ Kabip be accepted, we hear of them at Kadesh on See also:

• ORONTES

Orontes; and some minor Hittite cities are mentioned, e.g . Luz; but no one See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of the race is clearly indicated . Carchemish, on the Euphrates, though mentioned three times (2 Chron. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 20; Isa. x . 9; Jer. xlvi . 2), is not connected explicitly with Hittites, a fact which is not surprising, since that city was no longer under a Hatti See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty at the See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of the Old Testament references . So far as the Old Testament goes, therefore, we gather that the Hittites were a considerable people, widely spread in Syria, in part subdued and to some extent assimilated by Israel, but in part out of reach . The latter portion was not much known to the Hebrews, but was vaguely feared as a See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of the monarchy, though not in the later pre-Captivity See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Hittites, however, presents certain difficulties not yet fully explained; and it seems that we must assume Heth to have been the name both of a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and of a tribal population not confined t0 that country . 2 . Egyptian Records.—The decipherment of the inscriptions of the XVIIIth Theban Dynasty led, before the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the kings of Bianas (See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

Fan), and apparently domiciled on the middle this See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, however, is owed the next great step ahead .

In Euphrates N. of See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus in the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . This name again may safely be identified with Khatti-Kheta . The Khatti also appear on a " prophecy-tablet," referring ostensibly to the time of See also:

• SARGON

Sargon of Agade (middle of 4th See also:

• MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the analogy of biennium, triennium, from Lat. milk, a thousand, and armies, year)

millennium B . C.); but the document is probably of very much later date . Lastly, a fragmentary See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of the 1st Babylonian Dynasty mentions an invasion of See also:

• AKKAD (Gr. versions apxat and hXab)

Akkad by them about 'Soo B.C . From all these various See also:

• SOURCES

sources we should gather that the Hittites were among the more important racial elements in N . Syria and S.E . Asia Minor for at least a thousand years . The limits at each end, however, are very See also:

• ILL

ill defined, the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior falling not later than 2000 B.C. and the inferior not earlier than 600 B.C . This people was militant, aggressive and unsettled in the earlier part of that time; commercial, wealthy and enervated in the latter . A memorial of its trading See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long remained in Asia in the shape of the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight-measure called in cuneiform records the maneh " of Carchemish." These Hittites had See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relations with other Asia Minor peoples, and at times headed a confederacy . During the later part of their See also:

• HISTORY

history they were in continual contact with See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria, and, as a Syrian power, and perhaps also as a Cappadocian one, they finally succumbed to Assyrian pressure .

The " Hittite " Monuments.—It remains to consider in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of the foregoing See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence a class of monuments to which See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention began to be called about 187o . In that See also:

• YEAR

year two Americans, See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul J . A . See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson and the Rev . S . Jessup, rediscovered, at See also:

• HAMAH

Hamah (Hamath) on Orontes, five basaltic blocks bearing pictographic inscriptions in See also:

• RELIEF

relief, one of which had been reported by J . L . See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt in 1812 . In spite of their efforts and subsequent attempts made by See also:

• TYRWHITT, THOMAS (1730–1786)

Tyrwhitt See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton, when consul at See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, proper copies could not be obtained; and it was not till the end of 1872 that, thanks to %V . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright of See also:

• BEIRUT

Beirut, casts were taken and the stones themselves sent to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople by Subhi See also:

• PASHA

Pasha of Damascus . As usually happens when a new class of antiquities is announced, it was soon found that the " Hamathite " inscriptions did not stand alone . A See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument in the same script had been seen in See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo by Tyrwhitt Drake and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith in 1872 .

It still exists, built into a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque on the western See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the city . Certain See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay sealings, eight of which See also:

• BORE

bore pictographic signs, found by A . H . See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-bani-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal at Kuyunjik (See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh), as long ago as 1851 and noticed then as in a " doubtful character," were compared by See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward and found to be of the Hamathite class . A new copy of the long known See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture at Ivriz' in S.W . See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia was published by E . J . See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis in 1876, and clearly showed Hamathite characters accompanying the figures . Davis also reported, but did not see, a similar inscription at Bulgar See also:

• HADEN, SIR FRANCIS SEYMOUR (1818-1910)

Haden, not far away . Sculptures seen by W . See also:

• SKENE, WILLIAM FORBES (1809–1892)

Skene and George Smith at Jerablus, on the middle Euphrates, led to excavations being undertaken there, in 1878, by the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, and to the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of certain Hamathite inscriptions accompanying sculptures, a few of which were brought to See also:

• LONDON

London . The conduct of these excavations, owing to the See also:

• DEATH

death of George Smith, devolved on Consul See also:

• HENDERSON
• HENDERSON, ALEXANDER (1583-1646)
• HENDERSON, EBENEZER (1784-1858)
• HENDERSON, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT (1854-1903)
• HENDERSON, JOHN (1747-1785)

Henderson of Aleppo, and was not satisfactorily carried out .

Meanwhile Wright, Ward and See also:

• SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY (1846- )

Sayce had all suggested " Hittite " as a substitute for " Hamathite," because no other N . Syrian people loomed so large in ancient records as did the Hittites, and the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion began to find See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance . Jerablus was confidently identified with Carchemish (but without See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day), and the occurrence of Hamathite monuments there was held to confirm the Hittite theory . In 1876 Sayce pointed out the resemblance between certain Hittite signs and characters in the lately deciphered Cypriote syllabary, and suggested that the comparison might See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to a beginning of decipherment; but the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope has proved vain . To ' First described by the Turk, Hajji See also:

• KHALIFA, THE

Khalifa, in the 17th century; first seen by the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish traveller See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

Otter in 1736, and first published in 184o in See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter's Erdkunde, iii., after a See also:

• DRAWING

drawing by See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, made in 1837 . 1879 it first occurred to him to compare the rock-monuments at Boghaz Keui (see See also:

• PTERIA (mod. Boghaz Keui)

PTERIA) and See also:

• EUYUK

Euyuk in N . Cappadocia, discovered by Texier and See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton in 1835 and subsequently explored by G . See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot and E . See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume . These, he now saw, bore Hittite pictographs . Other rock-sculptures at Giaur Kalessi, in See also:

• GALATIA

Galatia, and in the Karabel pass near See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna, he suspected of belonging to the same class"; and visiting the last-named locality in the autumn, he found Hittite pictographs accompanying one of the two figures .3 He announced his discoveries in 188o, and proclaimed the fact that a great Hittite See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, extending from Kadesh to Smyrna, had risen from the dead . A See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month later he had the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to recover copies of a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• BOSS

boss, or hilt-See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, offered to various museums about 186o, but rejected by them as a meaningless See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery and for a long time lost again to sight .

See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round the rim was a cuneiform See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, and in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field a Hittite figure with six Hittite symbols engraved twice over on either See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of it . See also:

• READING

Reading the cuneiform as Tarqu-dimme sar See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat Erme (i.e . " T. See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the country E."), Sayce distributed phonetic values, corresponding to the syllables of the two proper names, among four of the Hittite characters, reserving two as " ideograms " of " king " and " country," and launched into the field of decipherment . But he subsequently recognized that this was a false start, and began afresh from another basis . Since then a number of other monuments have been found, some on new sites, others on sites already known to be Hittite, the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of which can be seen by reference to the accompanying See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map . It will be observed that, so far as at See also:

• PRESENT

present known, they cluster most closely in Commagene, Cappadocia and S . See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia . The following notes supplement the map: A . See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

WEST ASIA MINOR.—" See also:

• NIOBE

Niobe" (Suratlu Tash) and Karabel (two) ; rock-cut figures with much defaced hieroglyphs in relief . Remains of buildings, not yet explored, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie near the " Niobe figure . Nothing purely Hittite has been found at See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis or in any W . Asian excavation; but small Hittite See also:

• OBJECTS

objects have been said in Smyrna and See also:

• AIDIN

Aidin .

B . PHRYGIA.—Giaur-Kalessi; rock-cut figures and remains of a stronghold, but no inscriptions . Doghanliidere and Beikeui in the Phrygian rock-monument country; at the first is a sculptured rock-See also:

• PANEL (O. Fr. panel, mod. panneau, piece of cloth, from Med. Lat. pannellus, diminutive of pannus, cloth)

panel with a few pictographs in relief ; at the latter a fragment of an inscription in relief was disinterred from a See also:

• MOUND

mound . Kolitolu Yaila, near Ilghin; See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block inscribed in relief, disinterred from mounds apparently marking a See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp or palace-enclosure . Eflatun Bunar (=See also:

• PLATO

Plato's See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring), W. of See also:

• KONIA

Konia; megalithic See also:

• BUILDING

building with See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude and greatly defaced reliefs, not certainly Hittite: no inscription . Fassiler, W. of Konia; gigantic stela, or composite statue (figure on animals), not certainly Hittite; no inscription . Konia; relief of See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by Texier in 1835 and since lost; of very doubtful Hittite character . A See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold inscribed Hittite See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, now at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, was bought there in 1903 . Emirghazi (anc . Ardislama ?) ; three inscriptions in relief (two on altars) and large mounds . Evidently an important Hittite site . Kara-Dagh; See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary with incised See also:

• CARVING

carving of seated figure and inscriptions, found by See also:

• MISS

Miss G .

L . See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell and See also:

• SIR

Sir W . M . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay in 1907 (see their Thousand and One Churches, 1909) . C . NORTH CA PPADOCIA.—Boghaz Keui (see PTERIA) ; large city with remains of palace, citadel, walls, &c . Long rock-cut inscription of ten lines in relief, two See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short relief inscriptions cut on blocks, and also cuneiform tablets in Babylonian and also in a native See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, first found in situ in 1893, and showing the site to be the capital of Arzawa, whence came two of the Tell el-Amarna letters . Near the site are the rock reliefs of Yasili Kaya in two hypaethral galleries, showing, in the one, two processions composed of over sixty figures See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery; in the other, isolated See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of figures, fifteen in number (see for detailed description See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray's See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to Asia Minor, 1895, pp . 23 ff.) . Pictographs accompany many of the figures . The whole makes the most extensive See also:

• GROUP

group of Hittite remains yet known . Boghaz Keui was never thoroughly explored until 1907, the survey of Perrot and Guillaume having been superficial only and the excavations of E .

Chantre (.1894) very slight . In 1906 a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German expedition under See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor H . Winckler under-took the See also:

• WORK

work, and great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of cuneiform tablets were found . These refer to the reigns of at least four kings from Subbiluliuma (=Saplel, see above) to Hattusil II. or Khattusil (=Khetasar, see above) . The latter was an ally of Katashmanturgu of See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, ' The "Niobe " statue near See also:

• MANISA (anc. Magnesia ad Sipylum)

Manisa was not definitely known for " Hittite " till 1882, when G . See also:

• DENNIS, JOHN (1657—1734)

Dennis detected pictographs near it . ' The " pseudo-Sesostres " of See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, already demonstrated non-Egyptian by See also:

• ROSELLINI, IPPOLITO (1800-1843)

Rosellini . The second figure was unknown, till found by Dr Beddoe in 1856 . abrr °See also:

• YUZGAT

Yuzgat Erze:See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum See also:

• KUTAIAH, KUTAYA

Kutaiah spas . ,54ta• tlel;ashl I Kprabel) See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus o v nglish See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles aoo t t Sites where Hittite remains have been discouered are shown thus - .Boghaz Real 7 after a name implies doubt us to real provenance of the remains or their /iittite character . ? before a name /biPite.s doubt as to the exact situation of the site . A i8' and powerful enough to write to the Babylonian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court as a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign of equal See also:

• STANDING

standing .

His See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter shows that he considered the rise of Assyria a menace to himself . Winckler claims to read Hatti as the name of the possessors of Boghaz Keui, and to find in this name the proof of the Hittite character of Syro-Cappadocian power and of the imperial predominance of the city . But it remains to be proved whether these tablets were written there, and not rather, being in a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign script, abroad, like most of the Tell el-Amarna archives . O . Puchstein has cleared and studied important architectural remains . Euyuk; large mound with remains of palace entered between sphinxes . Sculptured wall-dados, but no Hittite inscriptions . Cuneiform tablets; some Babylonian, others in a native language . Also inscriptions in early Phrygian character and language, found in 1894 . The most famous of Hittite reliefs is here—a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-headed See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle " displayed " on the flank of one of the gateway sphinxes . This is supposed to have suggested to the See also:

• SELJUKS

Seljuks of Konia their heraldic See also:

• DEVICE

device adopted in the 13th century, which, brought to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by the Crusaders, became the See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic empire in 1345 . This derivation must be taken, how-ever, cum grano, proof of its successive steps being wanting .

Kara-Euyuk; a mound near Dedik, partially excavated by E . Chantre in 1894 . Cuneiform tablets and small objects possibly, but not certainly, Hittite . A See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal eagle was found on a deserted site near Yamuli on the middle Halys, in 1907 by W . Attmore See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson . D . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

SOUTH CAPPADOCIA.—Karaburna ; long, incised rock-inscription . Bogja, eight See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours west of Kaisariye; four-sided stela with incised inscription . Assarjik, on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Mt . Argaeus; incised rock-inscription . Ekrek; a fragmentary inscription in relief and an incised inscription on a stela of very late See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . Fraklin or Farakdin (probably anc .

Das-tarkon); sculptured rock-panel showing two groups of figures in See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of cult, with hieroglyphs in relief . Arslan Tashi, near See also:

• COMANA
• COMANA (mod. Gumenek)

Comana (Cappadocia), on the Soghan Dagh; two colossal lions, one with incised inscription . Tashji in the Zamanti valley; rock-relief with rudely incised inscription . And See also:

• EVE

eve! and Bor; inscriptions incised on sculptured stelae of kings (?), probably from Tyana (Ekuzli Hisser) . All are now in Constantinople . A silver See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal with hieroglyphs, now at Oxford, came also from Bor . See also:

• NIGDEH (Arab. Nakidah)

Nigdeh; See also:

• BASALT

basalt See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum or See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar with incised inscription . Ivriz; rock-sculpture of king adoring See also:

• GOD

god, with three inscriptions in relief . A second sculpture, similar in subject but smaller and much defaced, was found hard by in 1906 . Bulgar Maden; long incised rock inscription, near silver-mines . Gorun (Gurun); two rock-inscriptions in relief, much damaged . Arslan-Tepe, near Ordasu (two hours from See also:

• MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)

Malatia); large mound whence two sculptured stelae or wall-blocks with inscriptions in relief have been unearthed (now in Constantinople and the Louvre) .

Four other See also:

• VAN

Van Toprak Kai-eh ? reliefs, reported found near Malatia and published by J . Garstang in See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch. and Anthrop., 1908, probably came also from Arslan Tepe . Palanga; See also:

• LOWER

lower aniconic See also:

• HALF

half of draped statue with incised inscription, now in Constantinople . Also a small basalt See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion . Arslan Tash, near Palanga; two rude gateway lions, uninscribed . Yapalak; defaced inscription, reported by J . S . Sterrett but never copied . Izgin; See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk with long inscription in relief on all four faces, now in Constantinople . These last four places seem to lie on a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man road leading from Cappadocia to See also:

• MARASH (anc. Germanicia-Marasion)

Marash and the Syrian sites . The expedition sent out by Cornell t:n:vers:ty in 1907 found several Hittite inscriptions on rocks near Darende in the valley of the Tokhma Su .

E . NORTH SYRIA.—Marash; several monuments (stelae, wall-blocks and two lions) with inscriptions, both in relief and incised (part are now at Constantinople, part in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and See also:

• AMERICA

America) ; evidently one of the most important of Hittite sites . Karaburshlu, Arbistan, Gerchin, Sinjerli; mounds about the head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Kara Su . The last-named mound, brought to O . Puchstein's See also:

• NOTICE

notice in 1882 by the See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance discovery of sculptured wall-dados, now in Constantinople, was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of extensive German excavaLions in 1893-1894, directed by F. v . Luschan and K . Koldewey, and was found to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a walled See also:

• TOWN

town with central fortified palace . Hittite, cuneiform and old Aramaean monuments were found with many small objects, most of which have been taken to Berlin; but no Hittite inscriptions came to light . Sakchegeuzu (Sakchegozu), a site with several mounds between Sinjerli and See also:

• AINTAB (anc. Doliche)

Aintab; See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of reliefs, once wall-dados, now in Berlin and Constantinople . This site is in See also:

• PROCESS

process of excavation by Professor J . Garstang of the University of See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool . A sculptured See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico has come to light in the smallest of the five mounds, and much pottery, with incised and painted decoration, has been recovered .

Aintab; fragment of relief inscription . Samsat (See also:

• SAMOSATA (Eau6vara, -arum, Ptol. v. 15 § r 1 ; Strabo xvi. 749)

Samosata) ; sculptured stela with incised inscription much defaced . Jerablus; see above . Several Hittite objects sent from See also:

• BIREJIK (Arab. Bir; classical, Apamea-Zeugma)

Birejik and Aintab to Europe probably came from Jerablus, others from Tell Bashar on the Sajur . Kellekis, near Jerablus; two stelae, one with relief inscription . Iskanderun (See also:

• ALEXANDRETTA, or ISKANDERUN (med. Scanderoon)

Alexandretta); source of a long inscription cut on both sides of a spheroidal See also:

• OBJECT

object of unknown origin . Kirchoglu, a site on the Afrin, whence a fragmentary draped statue with incised inscription was sent to Berlin . Aleppo; inscription in relief (see above) . Tell Ahmar (on See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of Euphrates); large stela with sculpture and long relief inscription, found in 1908 with several sculptured slabs and two gateway lions, inscribed in cuneiform . Two hours south, a lion and a fragment of a relief inscription were found in 1909 by Miss G . L . Bell .

Tell Halaf in See also:

• MID

Mid-See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, near Has el-See also:

• AIN

Ain; sculptures on portico of a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple or palace; cuneiform inscriptions ~Pghap !aeu,See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

Par eo Karjae(-ttssnF„ .0 b.s Karabejyna _=,Aj~ i See also:

• ANA

Ana n tlg,n~•Jf niltolu Ynil} Pra. See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin l"" lbistan K Vibsik ~ 'L¢' ' a. at ~Q oma.7 flftatan a?) J pn r . {Tyana) \ r1 ' Eregl . See also:

• MARA, GERTRUD ELISABETH (1749-1833)

Mara h A~3 .~ a h~ BU aK..ra . • C a( SI, oo afn5 G I~aana 5i q See also:

• TAR

Tar s _ I~ ~ iisa n,r rslan+ep_( rdasu) and large mounds, explored in 1902 by See also:

• OPPENHEIM

Oppenheim . Harrah; five blocks inscribed in relief (see above) . F . OUTLYING SITES.—See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum; source of an incised inscription, perhaps not originally found there . Kedabeg; See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal boss or hilt-top with pictographs, found in a See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb and stated by F . Hommel to be Hittite, but doubtful . Toprak Kaleh; See also:

• BRONZE

bronze fragments with two pictographs; doubtful if Hittite . Nineveh; sealings, see above . Babylon ; a bowl and a stela of See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm-god, both with incised inscriptions; doubtless spoil of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war or See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute brought from Syria .

The bowl is inscribed round the outside, the stela on the back . (For a detailed description of the subjects of the reliefs, &c., with the necessary illustrations, see the See also:

• WORKS

works indicated in the bibliography.) Structures.—The structural remains found as yet on Hittite sites are few, scanty and far between . They consist of: (a) Ground plans of a palatial building and three temples and fortifications with sculptured See also:

• GATE

gate at Boghaz Keui . The palace was built round a central court, flanked by passages and entered by a See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway of three battants hung on two columns . The whole See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan bears more than a superficial resemblance to those of Cretan palaces in the later Minoan period . Only the rough core of the walls is standing to a height of about 3 ft . The fortifications of the citadel have an elaborate double gate with flanking towers . (b) Fortifications, palace, &c., at Sinjerli . The See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates here are more elaborate than at Boghaz Keui, but planned with the same See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea--that of entrapping in an enclosed space, barred by a second See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door, an enemy who may have forced the first door, while flanking towers would add to his discomfiture . The palace plan is again rectangular, with a central pillared See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)