See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

FERDINAND See also:

• FERDINAND HITZIG (1807-1875)

HITZIG (1807-1875)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German biblical critic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Hauingen, See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was a pastor, on the 23rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1807 . He studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg under H . E . G . See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus, at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle under Wilhelm Gesenius and at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen under See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald . Returning to Heidelberg he became Privatdozent in theology in 1829, and in 1831 published his Begriff der Kritik am See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen Testamente praktisch ervrtert, a study of Old Testament See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism in which he explained the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical principles of the grammatico-See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical school, and his See also:

• DES

Des Propheten See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas Orakel uber See also:

• MOAB

Moab, an exposition of the 15th and 16th chapters of the See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah attributed by him to the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah mentioned in 2 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings xiv . 25 . In 1833 he was called to the university of See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor ordinarius of theology . His next See also:

• WORK

work was a commentary on Isaiah with a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation (Ubersetzung u . Auslegung des Propheten Jesajas), which he dedicated to Heinrich Ewald, and which See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann See also:

• HUPFELD, HERMANN (1796-1866)

Hupfeld (1796–1866), well known as a commentator on the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms (1855-1861), pronounced to be his best exegetical work . At Zurich he laboured for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of twenty-eight years, during which, besides commentaries on The Psalms (1835–1836; 2nd ed.; 1863–1865), The See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor Prophets (1838; 3rd ed., 1863), See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah (184r; 2nd ed., 1866), See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel (1847), See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel (185o), See also:

• ECCLESIASTES (Heb. n5np, Kohelet, "Koheleth "; Sept. EKKarlveamrils; Jerome concionator)

Ecclesiastes (1847), See also:

• CANTICLES

Canticles (1855), and See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

Proverbs (1858), he published a monograph, Uber Johannes Markus u. See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Schriften (1843), in which he maintained the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological priority of the second See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel, and sought to prove that the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse was written by the same author . He also published various treatisesof archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest, of which the most important are See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Erfindung des Alphabets (184o), Urgeschichte u .

Mythologie der Philistder (1845), and Die Grabschrift des Eschmunezar(1855) . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Umbreit (1795–1860), one of the founders of the well-known Studien and Kritiken, he was called in 1861 to succeed him as professor of theology at Heidelberg . Here he wrote his Geschichte des Volkes See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel (1869-187o), in two parts, extending respectively to the end of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian domination and to the fall of Masada, A.D . 72, as well as a work on the Pauline epistles, Zur Kritik Paulinischer Briefe (187o), on the Moabite See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone, Die Inschrift des Mescha (187o), and on See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian, Sprache u . Sprachen Assyriens (1871), besides revising the commentary on See also:

• JOB

Job by See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Hirzel (1802-1841), which was first published in 1839 . He was also a contributor to the Monatsschrift des wissenschaftlichen Vereins in Zurich, the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, the Theologische Studien u . Kritiken, Eduard See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller's Theologische Jahrbucher, and Adolf See also:

• HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823—1907)

Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur wissenschaftliche Theologie . See also:

• HITZIG, FERDINAND (1807-1875)

Hitzig died at Heidelberg on the 22nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1875 . As a See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew philologist he holds high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank; and as a constructive critic he is remarkable for acuteness and sagacity . As a historian, however, some of his speculations have been considered fanciful . " He places the See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle of the . Israelites in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, and, like many other critics, makes the historical times begin only with See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses " (F .

Lichtenberger, See also:

• HISTORY

History of German Theology, p . 569) . His lectures on biblical theology (Vorlesungen iiber biblische Theologie u. messianische Weissagungen) were published in 188o after his death, along with a portrait and See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch byy his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, J . J . Kneucker (b . 1840), professor of theology at Heidelberg . See Heinrich See also:

• STEINER, JAKOB (1796-1863)

Steiner, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand Hitzig (1882); and Adolf Kamphausen's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopddie . HIUNG-NU, HIONG-NU, HEUNG-NU, a See also:

• PEOPLE

people who about the end of the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. formed, according to See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese records, a powerful See also:

• EMPIRE

empire from the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

Wall of See also:

• CHINA

China to the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian . Their ethnical See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities have been much discussed; but it is most probable that they were of the See also:

• TURKI

Turki stock, as were the See also:

• HUNS

Huns, their later western representatives . They are the first See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish people mentioned by the Chinese . A theory which seems plausible is that which assumes them to have been a heterogenous collection of Mongol, Tungus, Turki and perhaps even Finnish hordes under a Mongol military See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste, though the Mongolo-Tungus See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element probably predominated . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 1st century of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era the Hiung-nu empire See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up .

Their subsequent history is obscure . Some of them seem to have gone westward and settled on the Ural See also:

• RIVER

river . These, de Guiques suggests, were the ancestors of the Huns, and many ethnologists hold that the Hiung-nu were the ancestors of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• TURKS

Turks . See See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal Anthropological See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute for 1874; See also:

• SIR

Sir H . H . Howorth, History of the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols (1876–188o) ; 6th See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of Orientalists, See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1883 (Actes, See also:

• PART

part iv. pp . 177-195) ; de Guiques, Histoire generale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongoles, et des autres Zartares occidentaux (1756–1758) .