ANDREAS See also:

• ANDREAS HOFER (1767-181o)

HOFER (1767-181o)  , Tirolese patriot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 22nd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1767 at St Leonhard, in the Passeier valley . There his See also:

• FATHER

father kept an See also:

• INN

inn known as " am See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand," which See also:

• HOFER, ANDREAS (1767-181o)

Hofer inherited, and on that See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account he was popularly known as the " Sandwirth." In addition to this he carried on a See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and horses with the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, acquiring a high 'reputation for intelligence and honesty . In the See also:

• WARS

wars against the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French from 1796 to 18o5 he took See also:

• PART

part, first as a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-shooter and afterwards as a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia . By the treaty of See also:

• PRESSBURG (Hung. Pozsony, Lat. Posonium)

Pressburg (18o5) See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol was transferred from See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria to See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and Hofer, who was almost fanatically devoted to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, became conspicuous as a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the agitation against Bavarian See also:

• RULE

rule . In 18o8 he formed one of a deputation who went to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, at the invitation of the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, to See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert a rising; and when in See also:

• APRIL

April 1809 the Tirolese See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose in arms, Hofer was chosen See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the contingent from his native valley, and inflicted an overwhelming defeat on the Bavarians at Sterzing (April 11) . This victory, which resulted in the temporary reoccupation of See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck by the Austrians, made Hofer the most conspicuous of the insurgent leaders . The rapid advance of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, indeed, and the defeat of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main Austrian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, once more exposed Tirol to the French and Bavarians, who reoccupied Innsbruck . The withdrawal of the bulk of the troops, however, gave the Tirolese their See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance again; after two battles fought on the Iselberg (May 25 and 29) the Bavarians were again forced to evacuate the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and Hofer entered Innsbruck in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . An autograph See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis (May 29) assured him that no See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace would be concluded by which Tirol would again be separated from the Austrian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, and Hofer, believing his See also:

• WORK

work accomplished, returned to his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Then came the See also:

• NEWS

news of the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice of See also:

• ZNAIM (Czech Znojmo)

Znaim (See also:

• JULY

July 12), by which Tirol and See also:

• VORARLBERG

Vorarlberg were surrendered by Austria unconditionally and given up to the vengeance of the French . The country was now again invaded by 40.000 French and Bavarian troops, and Innsbruck See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell; but the Tirolese once more organized resistance to the French " atheists and freemasons," and, after a temporary hesitation, Hofer—on whose See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head a See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price had been placed—threw himself into the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . On the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, in another See also:

• BATTLE

battle on the Iselberg, the French under See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• LEFEBVRE, PIERRE FRANCOIS JOSEPH
• LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY (TANAQUILLUS FABER) (1615-1672)

Lefebvre were routed by the Tirolese peasants, and Hofer once more entered Innsbruck, which he had some difficulty in saving from See also:

• SACK

sack .

Hofer was now elected Oberkommandant of Tirol, took up his quarters in the Hofburg at Innsbruck, and for two months ruled the country in• the emperor's name . He preserved the habits of a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant, and his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was characterized in part by the peasant's shrewd See also:

• COMMON

common sense, but yet more by a pions., solicitude for the minutest details of faith and morals . On the 29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September Hofer received from the emperor a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain and See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, which encouraged him in the belief that Austria did not intend again to See also:

• DESERT

desert him; the news of the conclusion of the treaty of Schonbrunn (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 14), by which Tirol was again ceded to Bavaria, came upon him as an overwhelming surprise . The French in overpowering force at once pushed into the country, and, an See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty having been stipulated in the treaty, Hofer and his companions, after some hesitation, gave in their submission . On the 12th of November, however, i' _ urged on by the hotter heads among the peasant leaders and deceived by false reports of Austrian victories, Hofer again issued a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation calling the mountaineers to arms . The See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons met with little response; the enemy advanced in irresistible force, and Hofer, a price once more set on his head, had to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the mountains . His hiding-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was betrayed by one of his neighbours, named Josef RAI, and on the 27th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1810 he was captured by See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian troops and sent in chains to See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua . There he was tried by See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, and on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February was shot, twenty-four See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours after his condemnation . This See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, which was believed to be due to Napoleon's See also:

• DIRECT

direct orders, caused an immense sensation throughout See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and did much to inflame popular sentiment against the French . At the court of Austria, too, which was accused of having cynically sacrificed the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero, it produced a painful impression, and Metternich, when he visited See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the occasion of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of the archduchess See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise to Napoleon, was charged to remonstrate with the emperor . Napoleon expressed his regret, stating that the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution had been carried out against his wishes, having been hurried on by the zeal of his generals . In 1823 Hofer's remains were removed from Mantua to Innsbruck, where they were interred in the Franciscan See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and in 1834 a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble statue was erected over his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb .

In 1893 a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of him was also set up on the Iselberg . At See also:

• MERAN

Meran his patriotic deeds of heroism are the subject of a festival See also:

• PLAY

play celebrated annually in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . In 1818 the patent of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility bestowed upon him by the Austrian emperor in 1809 was conferred upon his See also:

• FAMILY

family . See Leben and Thaten See also:

• DES

des ehemaligen Tyroler Insurgenten-Chefs Andr . Hofer (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 181o) ; Andr . Hofer and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Tyroler Insurrection See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Jahre 1809 (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1811); See also:

• HORMAYR, JOSEPH, BARON VON (1782-1848)

Hormayr, Geschichte Andr . Hofer's Sandwirths auf Passeyr (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1845) ; B . See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber, Das Thal Passeyr and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Bewohner mil besonderer Riicksicht auf Andreas Hofer and das Jahr 1809 (Innsbruck, 1851); Rapp, Tirol im Jahr 1809 (Innsbruck, 1852); Weidinger, Andreas Hofer and seine Kampfgenossen (3rd ed., Leipzig, 1861); See also:

• HEIGEL, KARL AUGUST VON (1835-1905)

Heigel, Andreas Hofer (Munich, 1874) ; Stampfer, Sandwirt Andreas Hofer (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1874) ; Schmolze, Andreas Hofer and seine Kampfgenossen (Innsbruck, 1900) . His See also:

• HISTORY

history has supplied the materials for tragedies to B . See also:

• AUERBACH, BERTHOLD (1812-1882)

Auerbach and See also:

• IMMERMANN, KARL LEBERECHT (1796-1840)

Immermann, and for numerous See also:

• BALLADS

ballads, of which some remain very popular in Germany (see Franke, Andreas Hofer im Liede, Innsbruck, 1884) .