See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON LUDVIG See also:

• BARON LUDVIG HOLBERG HOLBERG (1684-1754)

HOLBERG HOLBERG (1684-1754)  , the See also:

• GREAT

great Scandinavian writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen, in See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, on the 3rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1684 . Both See also:

• HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1684-1754)

Holberg's parents died in his childhood, his See also:

• FATHER

father first, leaving a considerable See also:

• PROPERTY

property; and in his See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh See also:

• YEAR

year he lost his See also:

• MOTHER

mother also . Before the latter event, however, the See also:

• FAMILY

family had been seriously impoverished by a great See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, which destroyed several valuable buildings, but notwithstanding this, the mother See also:

• LEFT

left to each of her six See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children some little See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . In 1695 the boy Holberg was taken into the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Peder Lem, who sent him to the Latin school, and prepared him for the profession of a soldier; but soon after this he was adopted by his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin See also:

• OTTO

Otto Munthe, and went to him up in the mountains . His great him, Holberg's career might have had an untimely See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close . During the next two years he published five shorter satires, all of which were well received by the public . The great event of 1721 was the erection of the first Danish See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre in Gronnegade, See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen; Holberg took the direction of this house, in which was played, in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1722, a Danish See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of L'Avare . Until this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time no plays had been acted in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark except in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, but Holberg now determined to use his See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent in the construction of Danish See also:

• COMEDY

comedy . The first of his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original pieces performed was Den politiske Kandestober (The Pewterer turned Politician); he wrote other comedies with miraculous rapidity, and before 1722 was closed, there had been performed in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, and with immense success, Den Vaegelsindede (The Waverer), See also:

• JEAN

Jean de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Jeppe paa Bjerget, and Geri the Westphalian . Of these five plays, four at least are masterpieces; and they were almost immediately followed by others . Holberg took no See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and before the end of 1723 the comedies of Barselstuen (The Lying-in See also:

• ROOM

Room), The Eleventh of See also:

• JULY

July, See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob von Thyboe, Den Bundeslose (The Fidget), See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus Montanus, See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Ranudo, Ulysses of See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca, Without See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head or Tail, See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

Witchcraft and Melampe had all been written, and some of them acted . In 1724 the most famous comedy that Holberg produced was Henrik and Pernille .

But in spite of this unprecedented See also:

• BLAZE (A.-S. blaese, a torch)

blaze of dramatic See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius the theatre See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into pecuniary difficulties, and had to be closed, Holberg composing for the last See also:

• NIGHT

night's performance, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1727, a Funeral of Danish Comedy . All this excessive labour for the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage had undermined the great poet's See also:

• HEALTH

health, and in 1725 he had determined to take the See also:

• BATHS

baths at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle; but instead of going thither he wandered through See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and spent the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter there . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring he returned to Copenhagen with recovered health and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, and worked quietly at his protean See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours until the great fire of 1728 . In the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• NATIONAL

national poverty and depression that followed this event, a puritanical spirit came into See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue which was little in sympathy with Holberg's dramatic or satiric genius . He therefore closed his career as a dramatic poet by See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing in 1731 his acted comedies, with the addition of five which he had no opportunity of putting on the stage . With characteristic versatility, he adopted the serious See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the new See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and busied himself for the next twenty years with See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical, philosophical and statistical writings . During this period he published his poetical See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire called See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

Metamorphosis (1726), his Epistolae ad virum perillustrem (1727), his Description of Denmark and Norway (1729), See also:

• HISTORY

History of Denmark, Universal See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church History, See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

Biographies of Famous Men, Moral Reflections, Description of Bergen (1737), A History of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, and other learned and laborious compilations . The only poem he published at this time was the famous See also:

• NICOLAI, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1733-1811)

Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum (1741), afterwards translated into Danish by See also:

• BAGGESEN, JENS IMMANUEL (1764-1826)

Baggesen . When See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian VI. died in 1747, See also:

• PIETISM

pietism lost its sway; the theatre was reopened and Holberg was appointed director, but he soon resigned this arduous See also:

• POST

post . The six comedies he wrote in his old age did not add to his reputation . His last published See also:

• WORK

work was his Epistles, in 5 vols. the last of them See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous (1754) . In 1747 he was created by the new See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron of Holberg .

In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1753 he took to his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, and he died at Copenhagen on the 28th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 17J4, in the seventieth year of his age . He was buried at Soro, in See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand . He had never married, and he bequeathed all his property, which was considerable, to Sorb See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College . Holberg was not only the founder of Danish literature and the greatest of Danish authors, but he was, with the exception of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire, the first writer in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe during his own See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . Neither See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope nor See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift, who perhaps excelled him in particular branches of literary See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, approached him in range of genius, or in encyclopaedic versatility . Holberg found Denmark provided with no books, and he wrote a library for her . When he arrived in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the Danish See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was never heard in a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman's house . Polite Danes were wont to say that a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man wrote Latin to his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, talked French to the ladies, called his See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs in German, and only used Danish to swear at his servants . The single genius of Holberg revolutionized this581 See also:

• SYSTEM

system . He wrote poems of all kinds in a language hitherto employed only for See also:

• BALLADS

ballads and See also:

• HYMNS

hymns; he instituted a theatre, and composed a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich collection of comedies for it; he filled the shelves of the citizens with See also:

• WORKS

works in their own See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue on history, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, politics, See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, all written in a true and manly See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, and representing the extreme attainment of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European culture at the moment . Perhaps no author who ever lived has had so vast an See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over his country-men, an influence that is still at work after 200 years . The See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of Holberg's works are See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion .

See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete editions of the Comedies are too numerous to be quoted; the best is that brought out in 3 vols. by F . L . See also:

• LICHTENBERG
• LICHTENBERG, GEORG CHRISTOPH (1742-1799)

Lichtenberg, in 187o . Of Peder Paars there exist at least twenty-three editions, besides See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations in Dutch, German and See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish . The Iter subterraneum has been three several times translated into Danish, ten times into German, thrice into Swedish, thrice into Dutch, thrice into See also:

• ENGLISH

English, twice into French, twice into See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian and once into Hungarian . The See also:

• LIFE

life of Holberg was written by See also:

• WELHAVEN, JOHANN SEBASTIAN CAMMERMEYER (1807-1873)

Welhaven in 1858 and by Georg See also:

• BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842– )

Brandes in 1884 . Among works on his genius by foreigners may be mentioned an exhaustive study by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• PRUTZ, HANS (1843– )
• PRUTZ, ROBERT EDUARD (1816-1872)

Prutz (1857), and Holberg considers comme imitateur de See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere, by A . Legrelle (Paris, 1864) . (E .