HOLBORN  , a central See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of See also:

• LONDON

London, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N.W. by St Pancras, N.E. by See also:

• FINSBURY

Finsbury, S.E. by the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of London, S. and W. by the City of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster and St Marylebone . Pop . (1901), 59,405 . See also:

• AREA

Area 405.1 acres . Its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main thoroughfare is that See also:

• RUNNING

running E. and W. under the names of Holborn Viaduct, High Holborn and New See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street . The name of Holborn was formerly derived from Old See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne, a tributary of the See also:

• FLEET

Fleet, the valley of which is clearly seen where Holborn Viaduct crosses Farringdon Street . Of the existence of this tributary, however, there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, and the origin of the name is found in Hole-bourne, the stream in the hollow, in allusion to the Fleet itself . The fall and rise of the road across the valley before the construction of the viaduct (1869) was abrupt and inconvenient . In earlier times a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge here crossed the Fleet, leading from Newgate, while a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of a mile See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the viaduct is the site of Holborn Bars, at the entrance to the City, where tolls were levied . The better residential See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Holborn, which extends northward to Euston Road in the borough of St Pancras, is mainly within the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of St Ge9rge, Bloomsbury . The name of Bloomsbury is commonly derived from See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Blemund, a See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the See also:

• MANOR

manor in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . A dyke called Blemund's Ditch, of unknown origin, bounded it on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, where the See also:

• LAND

land was marshy .

During the 18th century Bloomsbury was a fashionable and wealthy residential quarter . The reputation of the district immediately to the south, embraced in the parish of St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields, was far different . From the 17th century until See also:

• MODERN

modern times this was notorious as a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime and poverty . Here occurred some of the earliest cases of the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague which spread over London in 1664-1665 . The opening of the thoroughfares of New Oxford Street (1840) and See also:

• SHAFTESBURY
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 1ST EARL OF (1621-1683)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, 7TH EARL OF (1801–1885)
• SHAFTESBURY, ANTHONYASHLEY COOPER, 3RD EARL OF (1671-1713)

Shaftesbury See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue (1855) by no means wholly destroyed the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the district . The See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus of Seven Dials, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Shaftesbury Avenue, affords a typical name in connexion with the lowest aspect of See also:

• LIFE

life in London . A similar notoriety attached to See also:

• SAFFRON (Arab. za'faran)

Saffron See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill on the eastern confines of the borough . By a singular contrast, the neighbouring thoroughfare of See also:

• HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT (1809-1886)
• HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1540–1591)

Hatton See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden, leading See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north from Holborn Circus, is a centre of the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Of the ecclesiastical buildings of Holborn that of first See also:

• INTEREST

interest is the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of St Etheldreda in See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place, opening from Holborn Circus . Ely Place takes its name from a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the bishops of Ely, who held land here as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the r3th century . Here died See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Gaunt in 1399 . The See also:

• PROPERTY

property was acquired by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher Hatton, Lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor under See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, after whom Hatton Garden is named; though the bishopric kept some hold upon it until the 18th century .

The chapel, the only remnant of the palace, is a beautiful Decorated structure with a vaulted See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt, itself above ground-level . Both are used for See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship by See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, by whom the chapel was acquired in 1874 and opened five years later after careful restoration . The See also:

• PRESENT

present parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St Giles in the Fields, between Shaftesbury Avenue and New Oxford Street, See also:

• DATES

dates from 1734, but here was situated a leper's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital founded by See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda, wife of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I., in 11o1 . Its chapel became the parish church on the suppression of the monasteries . The church of St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew, the parish of which extends into the City, stands near Holborn Viaduct . It is by See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

Wren, but there are traces of the previous See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic edifice in the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower . See also:

• SACHEVERELL, HENRY (1674-1724)
• SACHEVERELL, W
• SACHEVERELL, WILLIAM (1638-1691)

Sacheverell was among its rectors (1713-1724), and See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CHATTERTON, THOMAS (1752-1770)

Chatterton (1770) was interred in the adjacent See also:

• BURIAL

burial ground, no longer extant, of See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

Shoe See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane Workhouse; the See also:

• REGISTER

register recording his See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian name as William . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to this church is the City See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple (Congregational) . Two of the four Inns of See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln's See also:

• INN

Inn and See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray's Inn, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie within the borough . Of the first the Tudor gateway opens upon See also:

• CHANCERY

Chancery Lane . The chapel, See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and residential buildings surrounding the squares within, are picturesque, but of later date . To the west lie the See also:

• FINE

fine square, with public gardens, still called, from its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original character, Lincoln's Inn Fields .

Gray's Inn, between High Holborn and See also:

• THEOBALD, (d. 1161)
• THEOBALD, LEWIS (1688-1744)

Theobald's Road, and west of Gray's Inn Road, is of similar arrangement . The fabric of the small chapel is apparently of the 14th century, and may have been attached to the manor See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Portpool, held at that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period by the Lords See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey of See also:

• WILTON

Wilton . Of the former Inns of Chancery attached to these Inns of Court the most See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy buildings remaining are those of See also:

• STAPLE

Staple Inn, of which the timbered and gabled Elizabethan front upon High Holborn is a unique survival of its character in a London thoroughfare; and of See also:

• BARNARD, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER (1809–1889)
• BARNARD, GEORGE GREY (1863— )
• BARNARD, HENRY (1811-1900)
• BARNARD, JOHN
• BARNARD, LADY ANNE (1750–1825)

Barnard's Inn, occupied by the See also:

• MERCER (through Fr. mercier, from popular Lat. mercerius, a dealer, merx, merces, merchandise)

Mercer's School . Both these were attached to Gray's Inn . Of Furnival's and Thavies Inns, attached to Lincoln's Inn, only the names remain . The site of the first is covered by the fine red See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick buildings of the Prudential Assurance See also:

• COMPANY

Company, Holborn Viaduct . Among other institutions in Holborn, the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, north of New Oxford Street, is pre-eminent . The varied collections of Sir John See also:

• SOANE, SIR JOHN (1753-1837)

Soane, accumulated at his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, are open to view as the Soane Museum . There may also be mentioned the Royal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Surgeons, Lincoln's Inn Fields, with museum; the Royal Colleges of Organists, and of Veterinary Surgeons, the College of Preceptors, the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews' College, and the Metropolitan School of Shorthand . Among hospitals are the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, the Homoeopathic, the See also:

• NATIONAL

National for the paralysed and epileptic, the Alexandra for See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children with See also:

• HIP

hip disease, and the Hospital for sick children .