JOHANN See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

CHRISTIAN See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH See also:

• JOHANN CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH HOLDERLIN (1770-1843)

HOLDERLIN (1770-1843)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1770, at Lauffen on the See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother removing, after a second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, to Nurtingen, he began his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the classical school there . He was destined by his relations for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and with this view was later admitted to the seminaries at Denkendorf and Maulbronn . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen he entered as a student of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology the university of See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, where he remained till 1793 . He was already the writer of occasional verses, and had begun to See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch his novel See also:

• HYPERION

Hyperion, when he was introduced in this See also:

• YEAR

year to See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, and obtained through him the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young son of See also:

• CHARLOTTE

Charlotte von See also:

• KALB, JOHANN (" BARON DE KALB ") (1721—1780)

Kalb . A year later he See also:

• LEFT

left this situation to attend See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte's lectures, and to be near Schiller in See also:

• JENA

Jena . The latter recognized in the young poet something of his own See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, and encouraged him by See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing some of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early writings in his See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die neue Thalia and Die Horen . In 1796 See also:

• HOLDERLIN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1770-1843)

Holderlin obtained the post of tutor in the See also:

• FAMILY

family of the banker J . F . Gontard in See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main . For Gontard's beautiful and gifted wife, Susette, the " Diotima " of his Hyperion, he conceived a violent See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion; and she became at once his See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration and his ruin . At the end of two years, during which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Hyperion was published (1797), a crisis appears to have occurred in their relations, for the young poet suddenly left Frankfort .

In spite of See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health, he now completed Hyperion, the second volume of which appeared in 1799, and began a tragedy, Der See also:

• TOD, JAMES (1782-1835)

Tod See also:

• DES

des Empedokles, a fragment of which is published among his See also:

• WORKS

works . His See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends became alarmed at the alternate depression and See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous irritability from which he suffered, and he was induced to go to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, as tutor in a family at Hauptwill . There his health improved; and several of his poems, among which are Der blinde See also:

• SANGER, JOHN (1816–1889)

Sanger, An die Hoffnung and Dichtermut, were written at this time . In 18oi he returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to arrange for the publication of a volume of his poems; but, on the failure of this enterprise, he was obliged to accept a tutorship at See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux . " Diotima " died a year later, in See also:

• JUNE

June 1802, and the See also:

• NEWS

news is supposed to have reached Holderlin shortly afterwards, for in the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month he suddenly left Bordeaux, and travelled homewards on See also:

• FOOT

foot through See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, arriving at Nurtingen destitute and insane . See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

Kind treatment gradually alleviated his See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, and in lucid intervals he occupied himself by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing verses and translating See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek plays . Two of these See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations—the See also:

• ANTIGONE, (I)

Antigone and See also:

• OEDIPUS (OiSiirovs, O16tir63i7s, Wines, from Gr. ot&eiv swell, and gobs foot, i.e. " the swollen-footed ")

Oedipus rex of Sophoclesappeared in 1804, and several of his See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short poems were published by See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz K . L. von Seckendorff in his Musenalmanach, 1807 and 18o8 . In 1804 Holderlin obtained the See also:

• SINECURE (Lat. sine cura, without care)

sinecure post of librarian to the See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick V. of See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-Homburg, and went to live in Homburg under the supervision of friends; but two years later becoming irremediably but harmlessly insane, he was taken in the summer of 1807 to Tubingen, where he remained till his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 7th of June 1843 . Holderlin's writings are the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a beautiful and sensitive mind; but they are intensely, almost morbidly, subjective, and they lack real human strength . Perhaps his strongest characteristic was his passion for See also:

• GREECE

Greece, the result of which was that he almost entirely discarded See also:

• RHYME

rhyme in favour of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse See also:

• MEASURES

measures . His poems are all short pieces; of his tragedy only a fragment was written .

Hyperion, See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

oder der Eremit in Griechenland (1797–1799), is a See also:

• ROMANCE

romance in letters, in which the stormy fervour of the " See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm and Drang " is combined with a romantic See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for Greek antiquity . The See also:

• INTEREST

interest centres not in the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, for the novel has little or none—Hyperion is a young Greek who takes See also:

• PART

part in the rising of his See also:

• PEOPLE

people against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks in 1770—but in its lyric subjectivity and the dithyrambic beauty of its See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Holderlin's lyrics, Lyrische Gedichte, were edited by L . See also:

• UHLAND, JOHANN LUDWIG (1787-1862)

Uhland and G . Schwab in 1826 . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of his works, Samtliche Werke, with a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography by C . T . Schwab, appeared in 1846; also Dichtungen by K . KOstlin (Tubingen, 1884), and (the best edition) Gesammelte Dichtungen by B . Litzmann (2 vols., See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1897) . For biography and See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, see C . C .

T . Litzmann, F . Holderlin Leben (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1890), A . See also:

• WILBRANDT, ADOLF (1837— )

Wilbrandt, Holderlin (2nd ed., Berlin, 1891), and C . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Holderlin, sein Leben and sein Dichten (See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, 1894) .