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JOHANN CHRISTIAN See also: German poet, was See also: born on the loth of See also: March 1770, at Lauffen on the
See also: Neckar
.
His See also: mother removing, after a second See also: marriage, to Nurtingen, he began his See also: education at the classical school there
.
He was destined by his relations for the See also: church, and with this view was later admitted to the seminaries at Denkendorf and Maulbronn
.
At the age of eighteen he entered as a student of
See also: theology the university of See also: Tubingen, where he remained till 1793
.
He was already the writer of occasional verses, and had begun to sketch his novel See also: Hyperion, when he was introduced in this See also: year to Schiller, and obtained through him the See also: post of tutor to the See also: young son of See also: Charlotte von Kalb
.
A year later he See also: left this situation to attend See also: Fichte's lectures, and to be near Schiller in See also: Jena
.
The latter recognized in the young poet something of his own See also: genius, and encouraged him by See also: publishing some of his early writings in his See also: periodicals Die neue Thalia and Die Horen
.
In 1796 Holderlin obtained the post of tutor in the See also: family of the banker J
.
F
.
Gontard in See also: Frankfort-on-See also: Main
.
For Gontard's beautiful and gifted wife, Susette, the " Diotima " of his Hyperion, he conceived a violent passion; and she became at once his inspiration and his ruin
.
At the end of two years, during which See also: time the first See also: volume of Hyperion was published (1797), a crisis appears to have occurred in their relations, for the young poet suddenly left Frankfort
.
In spite of See also: ill-See also: health, he now completed Hyperion, the second volume of which appeared in 1799, and began a tragedy, Der See also: Tod See also: des Empedokles, a fragment of which is published among his See also: works
.
His See also: friends became alarmed at the alternate depression and See also: nervous irritability from which he suffered, and he was induced to go to See also: Switzerland, as tutor in a family at Hauptwill
.
There his health improved; and several of his poems, among which are Der blinde See also: Sanger, An die Hoffnung and Dichtermut, were written at this time
.
In 18oi he returned home to arrange for the publication of a volume of his poems; but, on the failure of this enterprise, he was obliged to accept a tutorship at See also: Bordeaux
.
" Diotima " died a year later, in See also: June 1802, and the See also: news is supposed to have reached Holderlin shortly afterwards, for in the following See also: month he suddenly left Bordeaux, and travelled homewards on See also: foot through See also: France, arriving at Nurtingen destitute and insane
.
Kind treatment gradually alleviated his condition, and in lucid intervals he occupied himself by writing verses and translating See also: Greek plays
.
Two of these translations—the See also: Antigone and Oedipus rex of Sophoclesappeared in 1804, and several of his See also: short poems were published by See also: Franz K
.
L. von Seckendorff in his Musenalmanach, 1807 and 18o8
.
In 1804 Holderlin obtained the sinecure post of librarian to the landgrave See also: Frederick V. of Hesse-Homburg, and went to live in Homburg under the supervision of friends; but two years later becoming irremediably but harmlessly insane, he was taken in the summer of 1807 to Tubingen, where he remained till his See also: death on the 7th of June 1843
.
Holderlin's writings are the production of a beautiful and sensitive mind; but they are intensely, almost morbidly, subjective, and they lack real human strength
.
Perhaps his strongest characteristic was his passion for See also: Greece, the result of which was that he almost entirely discarded See also: rhyme in favour of the See also: ancient verse See also: measures
.
His poems are all short pieces; of his tragedy only a fragment was written
.
Hyperion, See also: oder der Eremit in Griechenland (1797–1799), is a See also: romance in letters, in which the stormy fervour of the " See also: Sturm and Drang " is combined with a romantic See also: enthusiasm for Greek antiquity
.
The See also: interest centres not in the See also: story, for the novel has little or none—Hyperion is a young Greek who takes See also: part in the rising of his See also: people against the See also: Turks in 1770—but in its lyric subjectivity and the dithyrambic beauty of its language
.
Holderlin's lyrics, Lyrische Gedichte, were edited by L
.
See also: Uhland and G
.
Schwab in 1826
.
A See also: complete edition of his works, Samtliche Werke, with a biography by C
.
T
.
Schwab, appeared in 1846; also Dichtungen by K
.
KOstlin (Tubingen, 1884), and (the best edition) Gesammelte Dichtungen by B
.
Litzmann (2 vols., See also: Stuttgart, 1897)
.
For biography and See also: criticism, see C
.
C
.
T . Litzmann, F . Holderlin Leben ( Berlin, 1890), A .See also: Wilbrandt, Holderlin (2nd ed., Berlin, 1891), and C
.
See also: Muller,
See also: Friedrich Holderlin, sein Leben and sein Dichten (See also: Bremen, 1894)
.
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