HONFLEUR  , a seaport of

north-western France, in the department of Calvados, 57 M . N.E. of Caen by rail . Pop . (1906) 8735 . The town is situated at the foot of a semicircle of hills, on the south shore of the Seine estuary, opposite Havre, with which it communicates by steamboat . Honfleur, with its dark narrow lanes and old houses, has the typical aspect of an old-fashioned seaport . The most noteworthy of its buildings is the church of St Catherine, constructed entirely of timber work, with the exception of the facade added in the 18th century, and consisting of two parallel naves, of which the more ancient is supposed to date from the end of the 15th century . Within the church are several antique statues and a painting by J . Jordaens—" Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane." The church tower stands on the other side of a street . St Leonard's dates from the 17th century, with the exception of its fine ogival portal and rose-window belonging to the 16th, and its octagonal tower erected in the 18th . The ruins of a 16th-century castle known as the Lieutenance and several houses of the same period are also of antiquarian interest . The hotel de ville contains a library and a museum .

On the rising ground above the town is the

chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Grace, a shrine much resorted to by pilgrim sailors, which is said to have been founded in 1034 by Robert the Magnificent of Normandy and rebuilt in x6o6 . The town has a tribunal and a chamber of commerce and a communal college . The port, which is protected from the west winds by the height known as the Cote de Grace, consists of the tidal harbour and four floating basins—The West basin, dating from the 17th century, and the Centre, East and Carnot basins . A reservoir affords the means of sluicing the channel and supplying the basins . The surface available for vessels is about 27 acres . Numerous fishing and coasting vessels frequent the harbour . In 1907 there entered 375 vessels, of 133,872 tons, more than half this tonnage being British . The exports go mainly to England and include poultry, butter, eggs, cheese, chocolate, vegetables, fruit, seeds and purple ore . There is regular communication by steamer with Southampton . Timber from Scandinavia, English coal and artificial manures form the bulk of the imports . There are important saw-mills, as well as shipbuilding yards, manufactories of chemical manures and iron foundries . Honfleur dates from the lath century and is thus four or five hundred years older than its rival Havre, by which it was supplanted during the 18th century .

During the Hundred Years'

War it was frequently taken and re-taken, the last occupation by the English ending in 1440 . In 1562 the Protestant forces got possession of it only after a regular siege of the suburb of St Leonard; and though Henry IV. effected its capture in x590 he had again to invest it in 1594 after all the rest of Normandy had submitted to his arms . In the earlier years of the 17th century Honfleur colonists founded Quebec, and Honfleur traders established factories in Java and Sumatra and a fishing establishment in Newfoundland . HONG-KONG (properly HIANG-KIANG, the place of " sweet lagoons "), an important British island-possession, situated off the south-east coast of China, opposite the province of Kwang-tung, on the east side of the estuary of the Si-kiang, 38 m . E. of Macao and 75 S.E. of Canton, between 22° 9' and 22° x' N., and 114° 5' and 114° 18' E . It is one of a small cluster named by the Portuguese " Ladrones " or Thieves, on account of the notorious habits of their old inhabitants . Extremely irregular in outline, it has an area of 29 sq. m., measuring roe T. in extreme length from N.E. to S.W., and varying in breadth from 2 to 5 M . A good military road about 22 M. long encircles the island . From the mainland it is separated by a narrow channel, which at Hong-Kong roads, between Victoria, the island capital, and Kowloon Point, is about 1 m. broad, and which narrows at Ly-ee-mun Pass to little over a 4 m . The southern coast in particular is deeply indented; and there two bold peninsulas, extending for several miles into the sea, form two capacious natural harbours, namely, Deep Water Bay, with the village of Stanley to the east, and Tytam Bay, which has a safe, well-protected entrance showing a depth of ro to 16 fathoms . An in-shore island on the west coast, called Aberdeen, or Taplishan, affords protection to the Shekpywan or Aberdeen harbour, an inlet provided with a granite graving dock, the caisson gate of which is 6o ft. wide, and the Hope dock, opened in 1867, with a length of 425 ft. and a depth of 24 ft . Opposite the same part of the coast, but nearly 2 M. distant, rises the largest of the surrounding islands, Lamma, whose conspicuous peak, Mount Stenhouse, attains a height of 1140 ft. and is a landmark for local navigation .

On the

northern shore of Hong-Kong there is a patent slip at East or Matheson Point. which is serviceable during the north-east monsoon, when sailing vessels frequently approach Victoria through the Ly-ee-mun Pass . The ordinary course for such vessels is from the westward, on which side they are sheltered by Green Island and Kellett Bank . There is good anchorage throughout the entire channel separating the island from the mainland, except in the Ly-ee-mun Pass, where the water is deep; the best anchorage is ih ' Hong-Kong roads, in front of Victoria, where, over good holding ground, the depth is 5 to 9 fathoms . The inner anchorage of Victoria Bay, about l m. off shore and out of the strength of the tide, is 6 to 7 fathoms . Victoria, the seat of government and of trade, is the chief centre of population, but a tract on the mainland is covered with public buildings and villa residences . Practically an outlying suburb of Victoria, Kowloon or (Nine Dragons) is free from the extreme heat of the capital, being exposed to the south-west monsoon . Numerous villas have also been erected along the beautiful western coast of the island, while Stanley, in the south, is favoured as a watering-place . The island is mountainous throughout, the low granite ridges, parted by bleak, tortuous valleys, leaving in some places a narrow strip of level coast-land, and in others overhanging the sea in lofty precipices . From the sea, and especially from the magnificent harbour which faces the capital, the general aspect of Hong-Kong is one of singular beauty . Inland the prospect is wild, dreary and monotonous . The hills have a painfully bare appearance from the want of trees . The streams, which are plentiful, are traced through the uplands and glens by a line of straggling brushwood and rank herbage .

Nowhere is the

eye relieved by the evidences of cultivation or fertility . The hills . ,which are mainly composed of granite, serpentine and syenite, rise in irregular masses to considerable heights, the loftiest point, Victoria Peak, reaching an altitude of 1825 ft . The Peak lies immediately to the south-west of the capital, in the extreme north-west corner of the island, and is used as a station for signalling the approach of vessels . Patches of land, chiefly around the coast, have been laid under rice, sweet potatoes and yams, but the island is hardly able to raise a home-supply of vegetables . The mango, lichen, pear and orange are indigenous, and several fruits and esculents have been introduced . One of the chief products is building-stone, which is quarried by the Chinese . The animals are few, comprising a land tortoise, the armadillo, a species of boa, several poisonous snakes and some woodcock . The public works suffer from the ravages of white ants . Water everywhere abounds, and is supplied to the shipping by means of tanks . Under the Peking Treaty of r86o the peninsula of Kowloon (about 5 in. in area) was added to Hong-Kong . The popula- tion is about 27,000 .

There are several docks and

ware- houses, and manufactures are being developed . Granite is quarried in the peninsula . An agreement was entered into in 1898 whereby China leased to Great Britain for ninety-nine years the territory behind Kowloon peninsula up to a line drawn from Mirs Bay to Deep Bay and the adjoining islands, including Lantao . The new district, which extends to 376 sq. m. in area, is mountainous, with extensive cultivated valleys of great fertility, and the coast- line is deeply indented by bays . The alluvial soil of the valleys yields two crops of rice in the year . Sugar-cane, indigo, hemp, peanuts, potatoes of different varieties, yam, taro, beans, sesamum, pumpkins and vegetables of all kinds are also grown . The mineral resources are as yet unknown . The population is estimated at about 100,000 . It consists of Puntis (or Cantonese), Hakkas (" strangers ") and Tankas . The Puntis are agricultural and inhabit the valleys, and they make excellent traders . The Hakkas are a hardy and frugal race, belonging mainly to the hill districts . The Tankas are the boat people or floating population .

In the government of the new territory the existing organization is as far as possible utilized . Hong-Kong or Victoria harbour constantly presents an animated appearance; as many as 240 guns having been fired as salutes in a single

day . Its approaches are strongly victoria . fortified . The steaming distance from Singapore is 1520 M . Victoria, the capital, often spoken of as Hong-Kong (population over 166,000, of whom about 6000 are European or American), stretches for about 4 M. along the north coast . Its breadth varies from -1- in. in the central portions to 200 or 300 yds. in the eastern and western portions . The town is built in three layers . The " Praya " or esplanade, 50 ft. wide, is given up to shipping . The Praya reclamation scheme provided for the extension of the land frontage of 250 ft. and a depth of 20 ft. at all states of the tide . A further extension of the naval dockyard was begun in 1902, and a new commercial pier was opened in 'goo . The main commercial street runs inland parallel with the Praya .

Beyond the commercial portion, on each side,

lie the Chinese quarters, wherein there is a closely packed population . In 1888, 1600 people were living in the space of a single acre, and over 1oo,000 were believed to be living within an area not exceeding m.; and the over-crowding does not tend to diminish, for in one district, in 1900, it was estimated that there were at the rate of 640,000 persons on the sq. m . The average, however, for the whole of the city is 126 per acre, or 80,640 per sq. in . The second stratum of the town lies ten minutes' climb up the side of the island . Government house and other public buildings are in this quarter . There abound " beautifully laid out gardens, public and private, and solidly constructed roads, some of them bordered with bamboos and other delicately-fronded trees, and fringed with the luxuriant growth of semi-tropical vegetation." Finally, the third layer, known as"the Peak, "and reached by a cable tramway, is dotted over with private houses and bungalows, the summer health resort of those who can afford them; here a new residence for the governor was begun in ',goo . Excellent water is supplied to the town from the Pokfolum and Tytam reservoirs, the former containing 68 million gallons, the latter 390 millions . Climate.—The temperature has a yearly range of from 45° to 990, but it occasionally falls below 40°, and ice occurs on the Peak . In January 1893 ice was found at sea-level . The wet season begins in May, after showers in March and April, and continues until the beginning of August . During this period rain falls almost without intermission . The rainfall varies greatly, but the mean is about 90 in .

In 1898 only 57.025 in.

fell, while in 1897 there were 100.03 in.; in 1899, 72.7 in. and in 1900, 73.7 in . The damp is extremely penetrating . During the dry season the climate is healthy, but dysentery and intermittent fever are not uncommon . Bilious remittent fever occurs in the summer months, and smallpox prevails from November to March . The annual death-rate per 1000 for the whole population in 1902 was 21.70 . Jopulation, Fsc.—The following table shows the increase of population: Europe and Total (including Total Military and Naval Year . American Chinese Civil . Establishments and Civil . Indians, &c.) . 1881 3,040 148,850 160, 402 1891 4,195 208,383 221,441 1901 3,86o 274,543 283,978 1906 12,174 306,130 326,961 is provided by a few government schools and by a large number receiving grants-in-aid . The foundation-stone of Hong-Kong University was laid in March 1910, the buildings being the gift of Sir Hormusjee Mody, a colonial broker . The Queen's College provides secondary education for boys .

There are several hospitals, one of which is a government institution . The Hong-Kong savings bank has deposits amounting to about 81,1oo,000 . There is a

police force composed of Europeans, Indian Sikhs and Chinese; and a strong military garrison . Mainland territory . Industries.—Beyond the cultivation of veget :ble gardens there is practically no agricultural indusi ry in the colony . But although only 400 acres are cultivated on 1long-Kong island, and the same number of acres in Kowloon, there are 90,000 acres under cultivation in the new territory, of which over 7000 acres were in 1900 planted with sugar-cane . Granite quarries are worked . The chief industries are sugar-refining, the manufacture of cement, paper, bamboo and rattan ware, carving in wood and ivory, working in copper and iron, gold-beating and the production of gold, silver and sandal-wood ware, furniture making, umbrella and jinricksha making, and industries connected with kerosene oil and matches . The manufacture of cotton has been introduced . Ship and boat building, together with subsidiary industries, such as rope and sail making, appear less subject to periods of depression than other industries . Trade.—Hong-Kong being a free port, there are no official figures as to the amount of trade; but the value of the exports and imports is estimated as about £50,000,000 in the year . Among the principal goods dealt with are tea, silk, opium, sugar, flax, salt, earthenware, oil, amber, cotton and cotton goods, sandal-wood, ivory, betel, vegetables, live stock and granite .

There is an extensive Chinese passenger trade . The following are the figures of

ships cleared and entered: Year . Tonnage . British . Year . 1880 8,359,994 3,758,160 1890 13,676,293 6,994,919 1898 17,265,780 8,705,648 1902 19, 709,451 8,945,976 Chinese ships rank next to British ships in the amount of trade . German and Japanese ships follow next . Finance.—The revenue and expenditure are given below: Year . Revenue . Expenditure . I 81,069,948 1,995,220 2,918,159 4,901,073 $ 948,014 1,915,350 2,841,805 4,752,444 1880 1890 1898 1902 The main sources of revenue are licences, rent of government property, the post-office and land sales . The light dues were reduced ui 1898 from 22 cents to 1 cent per ton .

There is a public

debt of about £340,000, borrowed for public works, which is being paid off by a sinking fund . The only legal tender is the Mexican dollar, and the British and Hong-Kong dollar, or other silver dollars of equivalent value duly authorized by the governor . There are small silver and copper coins, which are legal tenders for amounts not exceeding two dollars and one dollar respectively . There is also a large paper currency in the form of notes issued by the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the National Bank of China, Limited . The foundation of new law courts was laid in 1900 . Administration.—Formerly an integral part of China, the island of Hong-Kong was first ceded to Great Britain in 1841, and the cession was confirmed by the treaty of Nanking in 1842, the charter bearing the date 5th of April 1843 . The colony is administered by a governor, executive council and legislative council . The executive council consists of the holders of certain offices and of such other members as the crown may nominate . In 1890 there were nine members . The legislative council consists of the same officials and of six unofficial members . Of these, three are appointed by the governor (of whom one must be, and two at present are, members of the Chinese community) ; one is elected from the chamber of commerce, and one from the justices of the peace .