HONORIUS  , the name of four popes and one antipope (Honorius II.; i.e . 2 below) . 1 . HONORIUS I:, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from 625 to 638, was of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• FAMILY

family, his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• PETRONIUS (G. (?)1

Petronius having been See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul . He was very active in carrying on the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the See also:

• GREAT

Great, especially in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede (Hist . Eccl. ii . 17) gives a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of his to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

Edwin of See also:

• NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, in which he admonishes him diligently to study Gregory's writings; and it was at Edwin's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request that Honorius conferred the See also:

• PALLIUM

pallium on the bishops of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury and See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York (ib. ii . 18) . He also admonished the Irish for not following the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church in the celebration of See also:

• EASTER

Easter (ib. ii . 19), and commissioned Birinus to preach See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity in Wessex (ib. iii . 7) . It is, however, in connexion with the Monothelite See also:

• HERESY

heresy that Honorius is most remembered, his attitude in this See also:

• MATTER

matter having acquired fresh importance during the controversy raised by the promulgation of the See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma of papal See also:

• INFALLIBILITY (Fr. infaillibilite and infallibilite, the latter now obsolete, Med. Lat. infallibilitas, infallibilis, formed from faller, to make a mistake)

infallibility in 187o .

In his efforts to consolidate the papal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, Honorius had been hampered by the See also:

• SCHISM

schism of " the three chapters " in See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria and See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia, a schism that was ended by the deposition in 628 of the schismatic See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch See also:

• FORTUNATUS
• FORTUNATUS, VENANTIUS HONORIUS CLEMENTIANUS (530-609)

Fortunatus of See also:

• AQUILEIA

Aquileia-See also:

• GRADO

Grado and the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of a Roman sub-See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon to the patriarchate . It is suggested that help rendered to him in this matter by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius, or by the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• EXARCH (EEapxos, a chief person or leader)

exarch, may have inclined the pope to take the emperor's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in the Monothelite controversy, which See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out shortly afterwards in consequence of the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula proposed by the emperor with a view to reconciling the See also:

• MONOPHYSITES (Gr. ,uovocva"erat)

Monophysites and the Catholics . However that may be, he joined the patriarchs of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria in supporting the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of " one will " in See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, and expounded this view forcibly, if somewhat obscurely, in two letters to the patriarch See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius (Epist . 4 and 5 in See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, Patrologia . See also:

• SER

Ser . See also:

• LAT

Lat. lxxx . 470, 474) . For this he was, more than See also:

• FORTY

forty years after his See also:

• DEATH

death (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 638), anathematized by name along with the Monothelite heretics by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Constantinople (First Trullan) in 681; and this condemnation was subsequently confirmed by more than one pope, particularly by See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo II . See See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Irrlehre See also:

• DES

des Honorius u. die vaticanische Lehre der Unfehlbarkeit (1871), who, however, modified his view in his Conciliengeschichte (1877) . Honorius I. was succeeded by See also:

• SEVERINUS

Severinus . See the articles by R . Zopffel and G .

See also:

• KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS (1825-1904)

Kruger in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (ed . 1900), and by T . Grisar in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1889) . In addition to the See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES

bibliographies there given see also U . See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, Repertoire des See also:

• SOURCES

sources hist., &c., Bio-bibliographie, s . " Honorius I . " (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 19o5) . (W . A . P.) 2 . HONORIUS II . (d .

1072), antipope, was the name taken by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Cadalus, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona and became See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• PARMA

Parma in 1046 . After the death of Pope See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas II. in See also:

• JULY

July ro6r he was chosen pope by some See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Lombard bishops at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in opposition to See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II., who had been elected by the party led by See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, afterwards Pope Gregory VII . Taking the name of Honorius IL, Cadalus was thus the representative of those who were opposed to reforms in the Church . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in ro62 he advanced towards See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and though his supporters defeated the forces of his See also:

• RIVAL

rival outside the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, he soon returned to Parma to await the decision of the advisers of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young German king, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV., whose See also:

• MOTHER

mother See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes had supported his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, however, Agnes was deprived of her power, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany passed to See also:

• ANNO, or HANNO, SAINT (c. Toro—ro75)

Anno, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, who was hostile to Cadalus . Under these circumstances the antipope again marched towards Rome in ro63 and entered the city, but was soon forced to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Angelo . The ensuing See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between the rival popes lasted for about a See also:

• YEAR

year, and then Cadalus See also:

• LEFT

left Rome as a fugitive . Refusing to attend a council held at See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua in May 1064, he was deposed, and he died in 1072, without having abandoned his claim to the papal See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair . See the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on Honorius II. in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, See also:

• BAND

Band viii . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1900) . (A . W .

H.*) 3 . HONORIUS II . (Lamberto Scannabecchi), pope from the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1124 to the 13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1130, a native of Fagnano near See also:

• IMOLA (anc. Forum Cornelii)

Imola, of considerable learning and great religious zeal, successively See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal-See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of Sta Prassede under See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban II., cardinal-bishop of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia and See also:

• VELLETRI (anc. Velitrae)

Velletri under See also:

• PASCHAL (Paschalis)

Paschal II., shared the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile of See also:

• GELASIUS

Gelasius II . in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and helped See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus II. to conclude the See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

Concordat of See also:

• WORMS

Worms (1122), which settled the See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture contest . He owed his election in large measure to force employed by the Frangipani, but was consecrated with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general consent on the 21st of December 1124 . By means of a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with that powerful family, he was enabled to maintain See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace at Rome, and the death of Emperor Henry V . (1125) further strengthened the papal position . He recognized the Saxon See also:

• LOTHAIR (825-869)
• LOTHAIR (941–986)

Lothair III. as king of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans and later as emperor, and excommunicated his rival, See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad of See also:

• HOHENSTAUFEN

Hohenstaufen . He sanctioned the Praemonstratensian See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and that of the Knights See also:

• TEMPLARS

Templars . He excommunicated See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy for See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in prohibited degree; brought to an end, through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux, the struggle with See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VI. of France; and arranged with Henry I. for the reception of papal legates in England . He laid claim as feudal overlord to the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman possessions in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy (July 1127), and excommunicated the claimant, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, but was unable to prevent the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the Neapolitan See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, for Duke Roger defeated the papal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and forced recognition in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1128 . Honorius appealed to Lotha.ir for assistance, but died before it arrived .

His successor was See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent II . The chief sources for the See also:

• LIFE

life of Honorius II. are his " Epistolae et Privilegia," in J . P . Migne, See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol . Lat. vol . 166, and the Vitae of Cardinals Pandulf and Boso in J . M . Watterich, Pontif . Roman. vitae, vol . 2 (Leipzig, 1862) ; also " Codice diplomatico e bollario di Onorio II." in Fr . Liverani opere, vol . 4 (See also:

• MACERATA

Macerata, 1859), and Jaffe-See also:

• WATTENBACH, WILHELM (1819–1897)

Wattenbach, Regesta pontif .

Roman . (1885–1888) . See J . See also:

• LANGEN, JOSEPH (1837-1901)

Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III . (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1893); F . See also:

• GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, vol . 4, trans. by Mrs G . W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896) ; H . H . See also:

• MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791–1868)

Milman, Latin Christianity, vol . 4 (London, 1899); Fr .

Liverani, " Lamberto da Fiagnano " in Opere, vol . 3 (Macerata, 1859) ; A . See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner, Die unteritalischen Normannen and das Papsttum Io86-1150 (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1885) ; E . Bernheim, Zur Geschichte des Wormser Concordats (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1878) ; Volkmar, " Das Verhaltnis Lothars III. zur Investiturfrage," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol . 26 . (C . H . HA.) 4 . HoxoRrus III . (Cencio Savelli), pope from the 18th of July 1216 to the 18th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1227, a highly-educated and pious Roman, successively See also:

• CANON

canon of Sta Maria See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore, cardinal-deacon of Sta See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia in Silice, See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain and cardinal-priest of Sti Giovanni e See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo, was the successor of Innocent III . He made peace with See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II., in accordance with which the emperor was crowned with his wife See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance in St Peter's on the 22nd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1220, and swore to See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord full See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to the church and to undertake a crusade . Honorius was eager to carry out the decrees of the Lateran Council of 1215 against the Albigenses and to further the crusade proclaimed by his predecessor .

He crowned Peter of See also:

• COURTENAY
• COURTENAY, RICHARD (d. 1415)
• COURTENAY, WILLIAM (c. 1342—1396)

Courtenay emperor of See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium in See also:

• APRIL

April 1217; espoused the cause of the young Henry III. of England against the barons; accepted the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man as a perpetual See also:

• FIEF

fief; arbitrated See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of France and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon; and made See also:

• SPECIAL

special ecclesiastical regulations for the Scandinavian countries . He sanctioned the Dominican order (22nd of November 1216), making St See also:

• DOMINIC, SAINT (1170-1221)

Dominic papal See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-domo in 1218; approved the Franciscan order by See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull of the 29th of November 1223; and authorized many of the See also:

• TERTIARY

tertiary orders . He maintained, on the whole, a tranquil See also:

• RULE

rule at Rome; but Frederick II.'s refusal to interrupt his reforms in Sicily in order to go on the crusade gave the pope much trouble . Honorius died in 1227, before the emperor had fulfilled his See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath, and was succeeded by Gregory IX . Honorius III. left many writings which have been collected and published by See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe Horoy in the Medii aevi bibliotheca patristica, vols. i.-ii . (Paris, 1899–1883) . Among them are five books of See also:

• DECRETALS (Epistolae decretales)

decretals, compiled about 1226; a continuation of the See also:

• LIBER

Liber Pontificalis; a life of Gregory VII.; a See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form; and a large number of sermons . His most important work is the Liber censuum See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance ecclesiae, written in 1192 and containing a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the income of the Roman Church and of its -relations with See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular authorities . The last named is admirably edited by P . See also:

• FABRE
• FABRE, FERDINAND (183o—1898)

Fabre in Bibliotheque des ecoles frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome (Paris, 1892) . The letters of Honorius are in F . Liverani, Spicilegium Liberianum (1863) .

There are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Regesta in Latin and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, edited by P . Pressutti (Rome, 1888, &c.) . See J . See also:

• CLAUSEN, GEORGE (1852- )

Clausen, Papst Honorius III . (1895) ; P . T . Masetti, I Pontefici Onorio III. ed Innocenzo IV. a fronte dell' Imperatore Federico II. nel secolo XIII . (1884); F . Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol . 5, trans. by Mrs G . W . Hamilton (London, 1900–1902); K .

J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol . 5, 2nd ed.; H . H . Milman, Latin Christianity, vol . 5 (London, 1899) ; T . Frantz, Der See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

grosse Kampf zwischen Kaisertum u . Papsttum zur Zeit des Hohenstaufen See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich II . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1903); W . See also:

• NORDEN
• NORDEN, JOHN (1548-1625?)

Norden, Das Papsttum u . Byzanz (Berlin, 19,13); M . Tangl, Die paps/See also:

• LICHEN (lichen ruber)

lichen Kanzleiordungen von 1200–1500 (See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1894) ; Caillemer, Le Pape Honorius III. et le See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit See also:

• CIVIL

civil (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1881) ; F . See also:

• VERNET

Vernet, Etudes sur See also:

• LES

les sermons d' Honorius III .

(Lyons, 1888) . There is an excellent article, with exhaustive bibliography, by H . Schulz in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, 3rd edition . (C . H . HA.) 5 . Hovoxrus IV . (Jacopo Savelli), pope from the 2nd of April 1285 to the 3rd of April 1287, a member of a prominent Roman family and See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of Honorius III., had studied at the university of Paris, been made cardinal-deacon of Sta Maria in Cosmedin, and succeeded See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin IV . Though aged and so crippled that he could not stand alone he displayed remarkable See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy as pope . He maintained peace in the states of the Church and friendly relations with See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg, and his policy in the Sicilian question was more liberal than that of his predecessor . He showed special favours to the mendicant orders and formally sanctioned the See also:

• CARMELITES

Carmelites and Augustinian Eremites . He was the first pope to employ the great banking houses in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Italy for the collection of papal dues .

He died at Rome and was succeeded by Nicholas IV . See M . Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaines et de la France, new ed., vols . 20-22 (Paris, 1894), for the chief sources; A . See also:

• POTTHAST, AUGUST (1824—1898)

Potthast, Regesta pontif . Roman. vol . 2 (Berlin, 18?5); M . Prou, " Les registres d'Honorius IV . " in Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athbnes et de Rome (Paris, 1888) ; B . Pawlicki, Papst Honorius IV . (See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, 1896) ; F . Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol .

5, trans. by Mrs G . W . Hamilton (London, 1900–1902) . (C . H .