JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON See also:

• JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON HONTHEIM (1701-1790)

HONTHEIM (1701-1790)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German historian and theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 27th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1701 at See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier . He belonged to a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family which had been for many generations connected with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop-See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors, his See also:

• FATHER

father, Kaspar von See also:

• HONTHEIM, JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON (1701-1790)

Hontheim, being See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the archdiocese . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Hontheim was given by his maternal See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich von Anethan, See also:

• CANON

canon of the collegiate See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon (which at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time still occupied the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte . See also:

• NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

Nigra at Trier), a prebend in his church, and on the 13th of May 1713 he received the See also:

• TONSURE (Lat. tonsura, from tondere, to shave)

tonsure . He was educated by the Jesraits at Trier and at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of Trier, See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain and See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, taking his degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• LAWS

laws at Trier in 1724 . During the following years he travelled in various See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries, vending some time at the German See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; in 1728 he wasordained See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest and, formally admitted to the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of St Simeon in 1732, he became a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at the university of Trier . In 1738 he went to See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz as See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official to the archbishop-elector . In this capacity he had plentiful opportunity of studying the effect of the interference of the Roman See also:

• CURIA

Curia in the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal affairs of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, notably in the negotiations that preceded the elections of the emperors See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VII. and See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. in which Hontheim took See also:

• PART

part as assistant to the electoral See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador . It appears that it was the extreme claims of the papal See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio on these occasions and his interference in the affairs of the electoral college that first suggested to Hontheim that See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination of the basis of the papal pretensions, the results of which he afterwards published to the See also:

• WORLD

world under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of " Febronius." In 1747, broken down by overwork, he resigned his position as official and retired to St Simeon's, of which he was elected See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean in the following See also:

• YEAR

year . In May 1748 he was appointed by the archbishop-elector Francis See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George (von Schonborn) as his See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan, being consecrated at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1749, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Myriophiri in partibus . The See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop of Trier was practically a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, and upon Hontheim as suffragan and See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar-general See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell the whole spiritual See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the diocese; this See also:

• WORK

work, in addition to that of See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the university, he carried on single-handed until 1778, when See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• MARIE

Marie Cuohot d'Herbain was appointed his coadjutor . On the 21st of See also:

• APRIL

April 1779 he resigned the deanery of St Simeon's on the ground of old age .

He died on the and of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1790 at his See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau at Montquentin near Orval, an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate which he had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased . He was buried at first in St Simeon's; but the church was ruined by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French during the revolutionary See also:

• WARS

wars and never restored, and in 1803 the See also:

• BODY

body of Hontheim was transferred to that of St Gervasius . As a historian Hontheim's reputation rests on his contributions to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Trier . He had, during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his activity as official at Coblenz, found time to collect a vast See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of printed and MS. material which he afterwards embodied in three See also:

• WORKS

works on the history of Trier . Of these the Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica was published in 3 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio in 1750, the Prodromus historiae Trevirensis in 2 vols. in 1757 . They give, besides a history of Trier and its constitution, a large number of documents and references to published authorities . A third work, the Hisioriae scriptorum et monumentarum Trevirensis amplissima collectio, remains in MS. at the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city library of Trier . These books, the result of an enormous labour in See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation and selection in very unfavourable circumstances, entitle Hontheim to the fame of a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical methods . It is, however, as " Febronius " that Hontheim is best remembered . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and effect of his See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook on " the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the Church and the lawful See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the Roman pontiff is described else-where (see See also:

• FEBRONIANISM

FEBRONIANISM), The author of the See also:

• BOOK

book was known at Rome almost as soon as it was published; but it was not till some years afterwards (1778) that he was called on to retract . The terrors of the spiritual power were reinforced by a See also:

• THREAT

threat of the archbishop-elector to deprive not only him but all his relations of their offices, and Hontheim, after much wavering and See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, signed a submission which was accepted at Rome as satisfactory, though he still refused to admit, as demanded, ut proinde rnerito monarchicum ecclesiae regimen a catholicis doctoribus appelletur . The removal of the censure followed (1781) when Hontheim published at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort what purported to be a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that his submission had been made of his own See also:

• FREE

free will (Jz.istini Febronii acti commentarius in suam retractationent, &c.) .

This book, however, which caret* avoided all the most burning questions, rather tended to show --as indeed his correspondence proves—that Hontheim had not essentially shifted his standpoint . But Rome See also:

• LEFT

left him thenceforth in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . See See also:

• OTTO

Otto Mejer, Febronius, Weihbischof Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim and sein Widerruf (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 188o), with many See also:

• ORIGINAL

original letters . Of later date is the See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography by F . X . Kraus in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographic (1881), which gives numerous references .