See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

HOP (Ger. See also:

• HOPFEN, HANS VON (1835—1904)

Hopfen, Fr. houblon)  , Humulus Lupulus, L., an herbaceous See also:

• TWINING, THOMAS (1735-1804)

twining plant, belonging to the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Cannabinaceae, which is by some botanists included in the larger See also:

• GROUP

group called Urticaceae by Endlicher . It is of See also:

• COMMON

common occurrence in hedges and thickets in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern counties of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but is believed not to be native in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . On the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent it is distributed from See also:

• GREECE

Greece to Scandinavia, and extends through the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus and Central See also:

• ASIA

Asia to the See also:

• ALTAI (in Mongolian Altain-ula, the " Mountains of Gold ")

Altai Mountains . It is common, but doubtfully indigenous, in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and western states of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, and has been introduced into See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and the Himalayas . It is a perennial plant, producing annually several See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long twining roughish striated stems, which twist from See also:

• LEFT

left to right, are often 15 to 20 ft. long and climb freely over hedges and bushes . The roughness of See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem and leaves is due to lines ofstrong hooked hairs, which help the plant to cling to its support . The leaves are stalked, opposite, 3-5 lobed, and coarsely serrate, and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general resemblance to those of the See also:

• VINE

vine, but are, as well as the whole plant, rough to the See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch; the upper leaves are sometimes scarcely divided, or quite entire . The stipules are between the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-stalks, each consisting of two lateral ones See also:

• UNITED

united, or rarely with the tips See also:

• FREE

free . The male and See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are produced on distinct See also:

• PLANTS

plants . The male inflorescence (fig . 1, A) forms a panicle; the flowers consist of a small greenish five-parted perianth (a) enclosing five stamens, whose anthers (b) open by terminal slits . The female inflorescence (fig .

1, B) is less conspicuous in the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The catkin or strobile consists of a number of small acute bracts, with two sessile ovaries at their See also:

• BASE

base, each subtended by a rounded bractlet (c) . Both the bracts and bractlets enlarge greatly during the development of the ovary, and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, when fully grown, the membranous scales of the strobile (fig . 2, a) ; they are known as " petals " by See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop-growers . The bracts can then only be distinguished from the bractlets by being rather more acute and more strongly veined . The perianth (fig . 1, d) is See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-shaped, undivided and closely applied to the ovary, which it ultimately encloses . In the young strobile the two See also:

• PURPLE

purple hairy styles (e) of each ovary project beyond the bracts . The ovary contains a single ovule (fig . I. f) which becomes in the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit an exalbuminous See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, containing a spirally-coiled embryo (fig . 2, b) . The See also:

• LIGHT

light dusty See also:

• POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen is carried by the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind from the male to the female flowers .

The ovary and the base of the bracts are covered with a yellowish See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, consisting of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute sessile grains, called lupulin or lupulinic glands . These glands (fig . 2, c) are from -T lo- to 31T in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, like flattened subovate little saucers-in shape, and attached to a short pedicel . The upper or hemispherical portion bears a delicate continuous membrane, the cuticle, which becomes raised by the secretion beneath it of the yellowish° lupulin . The stalk is not perceptible in the. gland as found in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . When fresh the gland is seen to be filled with a yellowish or dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown liquid; this on drying contracts in bulk and forms a central See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . It is to these lupulinic glands that the medicinal properties of the hop are chiefly due . By careful sifting about 1 oz. may be obtained from 1113 of hops, but the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent variety is said to yield more than the See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex hops . In hop gardens a few male plants, usually three or four to an See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre, are sometimes planted, that number being deemed sufficient to fertilize the female flowers . The blossoms are produced in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and the strobiles are See also:

• FIT

fit for gathering from the beginning of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, according to the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . The cultivation of hops for use in the manufacture of See also:

• BEER

beer See also:

• DATES

dates from an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . In the 8th and 9th centuries hop gardens, called " humularia " or " humuleta," existed in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany .

Until the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, however, hops appear to have been grown in a very fitful manner, and to a limited extent, generally only for private See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption; but after the beginning of the 17th century the cultivation increased rapidly . The plant was introduced into England from See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders in 1525; and in America its cultivation was encouraged by legislative enactments in 16J7 . Formerly several plants were used as well as hops to See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season See also:

• ALE

ale, hence the name " alehoof for Nepeta Glechoma, and " alecost " for Balsasnita vulgaris . The sweet See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale, llyrica Gale, and the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage, See also:

• SALVIA

Salvia officinalis, were also similarly employed . Various liop substitutes, in the form of powder, have been offered in commerce of See also:

• LATE

late years, most of which appear to have See also:

• QUASSIA

quassia as a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief ingredient . The young See also:

• TENDER

tender tops of the hop are in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium cut off in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and eaten like See also:

• ASPARAGUS

asparagus, and are forced from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . Medical Use.—The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal constituents of the strobiles are lupulin, one of the few liquid alkaloids; lupulinic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter crystalline See also:

• BODY

body, soluble in See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, which is without any other pharmacological See also:

• ACTION

action than that common to bitter substances; Valero), a volatile oil which in old hops undergoes a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change to the malodorous body valerianic acid; See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin; trimethylamine; a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar modification of See also:

• TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin known as humulotannic acid; and a sesqui-terpene . The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PHARMACOPOEIA (lit. the art of the OapµaK07robbs, or drug-compounder)

pharmacopoeia contains two preparations of the strobiles, —an infusion (dose, 1-2 oz.) and a See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture (See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, )-I drachm) . The glands obtained from the strobiles are known in See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy as lupulin, a name which tends to confusion with that of the See also:

• ALKALOID

alkaloid . They occur in commerce as a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright yellow-brown powder, seen See also:

• TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder a See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens to consist of minute glandular particles . The dose of this so-called lupulin is 2-5 grains. hrom it there is prepared the Tinctura Lupulinae of the United States pharmacopoeia, which is given in doses of to-6o minims . Furchermore, there are prepared hop pillows,designed to procure See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep; but these See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, when at all, mainly by See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion .

The pharmacological action of hops is determined first by the volatile oil they contain, which has the actions of its class . Similarly the lupulinic acid may act as a bitter tonic . The preparations of hops, when taken internally, are frequently hypnotic, though unfortunately different specimens vary considerably in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, none of the preparations being standardized . It is by no means certain whether the hypnotic action of hops is due to the alkaloid lupuli'h or possibly to the volatile oil which they contain . Medical practice, however, is acquainted with many more trustworthy and equally safe hypnotics . The bitter acid of hops may endow beer containing it with a certain value in cases of impaired gastric digestion, and to the hypnotic principle of hops may partly be ascribed—as well as to the See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol—the soporific action of beer in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of some individuals . Hop See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

PRODUCTION IN ENGLAND t The cultivation of hops in the British Isles is restricted to England, where it is practically confined to See also:

• HALF

half-a-dozen counties —four in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern and two in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-midland districts . In 1901 the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop was reported by the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Agri-culture to occupy 51,127 acres . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official returns as to acreage do not extend back beyond 1868, in which See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area was reported to be 64,488 acres . The largest area recorded since then was 71,789 acres in 1878; the smallest was 44,938 acres in 1907 . The extent to which the areas of hops in the chief hop-growing counties vary from year to year is sufficiently indicated in Table I., which shows the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual acreages over a period of thirteen years, 1895 to 1907 . The proportions in which the acres of hops are distributed amongst the counties concerned vary but little year by year, and as a See also:

• RULE

rule over 6o% belongs to Kent .

Kent . See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford . Sussex . See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester . Hants . See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey . 1895 35,018 7553 7489 4024 2875 1783 1896 33,300 6895 5908 3800 2494 1623 1897 31,661 6542 5174 3591 2306 1416 1898 30,941 6651 4829 3567 2263 1313 1899 31,988 7227 4949 3788 2319 1388 1900 31,514 7287 4823 3964 2231 1300 1901 31,242 7497 4800 4029 2133 1232 1902 29,649 6915 4541 3779 2003 969 1903 29,933 6851 4454 3697 1920 901 1904 29,841 6767 4474 3752 1900 877 1905 30,655 6851 4647 3807 1978 843 1906 29,296 6481 4379 3672 1939 777 1907 28,169 6143 4243 3622 1842 744 Less than 200 acres in all are annually grown in the other hop-growing counties of England, these being See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire, See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester-See also:

• SHIRE

shire and See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average yield per acre in cwt. in the six counties during the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 1897 to 1906 was as follows: Kent . 9'31 Table III. shows the average acreage, yield and total See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home produce of England during the decades 1888–1897 and 1898–1907 . teat Periods Average Annual Average Annual Average Annual . Acreage . Yield per acre Ho-me Produce., (cwt.) .

(cwt,) . 1888–1897 56,370 7 76 438,215 1898–1907 48,841 8.84 434,567 The wide fluctuations in the home production of hops are worthy of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, as they exercise a powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market prices . The largest crop between 1885, the first year in which figures See also:

• RELATING

relating to production were collected, and 1907 was I See See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report from the Select See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee on the Flop See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1908) . Hants . Wcrcester . Hereford . Sussex . 9.41 7'14 7.79 Surrey . 7.23 878 that of 776,144 cwt. in 1886, and the smallest that of 281,291 cwt. in 1888, the former being more than 22 times the See also:

• SIZE

size of the latter . The crop of 1899, estimated at 661,373 cwt., was so large that prices receded to an extent such as to leave no margin of profit to the See also:

• GREAT

great body of growers, whilst some planters were able to market the crop only at a loss . The calculated annual average yields per acre over the years 1885 to 1907 ranged between 12.76 cwt. in 1899 and 4.81 cwt. in 1888 . No other See also:

• STAPLE

staple crop of British See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture undergoes such wide fluctuations in yield as are here indicated, the size of the crop produced bearing no relation to the acreage under cultivation .

For example, the 71.327 acres in 1885 produced only 509,170 cwt., whereas the 51 843 acres in 1899 produced 661,;3,73 cwt: 19,484 acres less under crop yielded 132,203 cwt. more produce . Comparing the quantities of home-grown hops with those of imported hops, of the total available for consumption about 70°0 on the average is home produce and about 3o% is imported produce . The imports, however, do not vary so much as the home .produce . Table IV. shows the average quantity of imports to and exports (home-grown) from Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain during the decades 1877–1886, 1887–1896 and 1897–1906 . Periods . Annual Average Annual Average Imports (cwt.) . Exports (cwt.) . 1877–1886 215,219 10,805 1887–1896 194,966 9,437 1897–1906 186,362 14, 808 L The highest and lowest imports were 266,952 cwt. in 1885 and 145,122 cwt. in 1887, the latter in the year following the biggest home-grown crop on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . On a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of years the largest proportion of imports is from the United States . During the twenty-five years 1881–1905 the annual values of the hops imported into England fluctuated between the wide limits of 12,962,631 in 1882 and 1427,753 in 1887 . In five other years besides 1882 the value exceeded a million See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . The annual average value over the whole period was 1921,000, whilst the annual average import was 194,000 cwt., consequently the average value per cwt. was nearly 14, I5s., which is approximately the same as that of the exported product .

The quantities and values of the imported hops that are again exported are almost insignificant . Hon PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES The See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the area of hop-cultivation in the United States showed great changes during the last decades of the 19th and the first decade of the loth century . During the earlier portion of that period New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York was the chief hop-growing state of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, but toward the end of it a great See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of hop-growing took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast (in the states of See also:

• OREGON

Oregon, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington), where the richness of the See also:

• SOIL

soil and mildness of the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate are favourable to the bines . The average annual produce of hops in the United States from 'goo to 1906 was 423,471 cwt.; of this quantity 8o %, was raised in the three states of the Pacific coast, where the yield per acre is much larger than in New York . In the latter state the yield does not appear to exceed 5 or 6 cwt. per acre, whereas in Oregon it is 9 or to cwt., and in Washington and California from 12 to 14 cwt . The average annual export (chiefly to Great Britain) in the years from 1899 to 1905 was 108,400 cwt.; the average import (chiefly from Germany) is about 50,000 cwt . Hon CULTIVATION As the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Kent has always taken the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in hop-growing in England, and as it includes about two-thirds of the hop acreage of the British Isles, the See also:

• RECENT

recent developments in hop cultivation cannot he better studied than in that county . They were well summarized by Mr See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• WHITEHEAD, WILLIAM (1715-1785)

Whitehead in his See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the agriculture of Kent,' wherein he states that the hop grounds or hop gardens, as they are called in Kent—of Jour . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . Agrir . See also:

• SAC

Sac 1899 . Manure (See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and summer) 16 to 0 Digging .

0 19 0 Dressing (or cutting) . 0 6 0 Poling, tying, earthing, See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

ladder-tying, stringing, 2 3 0 lewing . Shimming, nidgeting, digging See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round and hoeing 3 0 0 hills . . . Stacking, stripping, making bines, &c . 0 17 0 Annual renewal of poles 2 10 0 Expense of picking, drying, packing, See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage, sampling, selling, &c., on average crop of, say, Io _ 7 cwt. per acre . . 5 0 See also:

• RENT

Rent, rates, taxes, See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs of See also:

• OAST (0. Eng. dst, cf. Dutch eest, " kiln "; the Teutonic root is aidh- " to burn"; the pre-Teutonic idh- is seen in Lat. aestus, " heat," aestas, " summer," Gr. atOos, "burning heat")

oast and tacks, See also:

• INTEREST

interest 6 o 0 on See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital Sulphuring . I o 0 Washing (often two, three or four times) . 2 0 0 Total 35 10 0 Seven years later the average cost per acre in Kent had risen to quite 137 . 2 J . See also:

• PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES

Percival, "The Tiop and its F..uglish V'arietics," Jour . Roy .

-1 Uric . See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1901 . poor See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and least suitable for hop production have been gradually grubbed since 1894, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of large crops, the importation of hops and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low prices . At the beginning of the 19th century there were 290 parishes in Kent in which hops were cultivated . A century later, out of the 413 parishes in the county, as many as 331 included hop plantations . The hops grown in Kent are classified in the markets as " East Kents," " See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

Bastard East Kents," " See also:

• MID

Mid Kents " and " Wealds," according to the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of the county in which they are produced . The relative values of these four divisions follow in the same order, East Kents making the highest and Wealds the lowest rates . These divisions agree in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main with those defined by See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formations . Thus, " East Kents " are grown upon the See also:

• CHALK

Chalk, and especially on the outcrop of the soils of the London See also:

• TERTIARIES (Lat. tertiarii, from tertius, third)

Tertiaries upon the Chalk . " Bastard East Kents " are produced on alluvial soil and soils formed by admixtures of See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, clayloams, chalk, See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay from the See also:

• GAULT

Gault, See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand and Chalk formations . " Mid Kents " are derived principally from the Greensand soils and outcrops of the London Tertiaries in the upper See also:

• PART

part of the district . " Wealds " come from soils on the See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald Clay, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand and Tunbridge See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells Sand .

As each " See also:

• POCKET

pocket " of hops must be marked with the owner's name and the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish in which they were grown, buyers of hops can, without much trouble, ascertain from which of the four divisions hops come, especially if they have the See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the hop-growing parishes of England, which gives the name of each parish . There has been a considerable rearrangement of the hop plantations in Kent within recent years . Common varieties as Colegate's, See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones's, Grapes and Prolifics have been grubbed, and Goldings, Bramlings and other choice kinds planted in their places . The variety known as Fuggle's, a heavy-cropping though slightly coarse hop, has been much planted in the Weald of Kent, and in parts of Mid Kent where the soil is suitable . In very old hop gardens, where there has been no change of plant for fifty or even one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years in some instances, except from the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• PROCESS

process of filling up the places of plants that have died, there has been replanting with better varieties and varieties ripening in more convenient See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession; and, generally speaking, the plantations have been levelled up in this respect to suit the demand for bright hops of See also:

• FINE

fine quality . A recent See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification' of the varieties of English hops arranges them in three See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (1) early varieties (e.g . Prolific, Bramling, See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos's Early See also:

• BIRD

Bird); (2) mid-season or main-crop varieties (e.g . See also:

• FARNHAM

Farnham Whitebine, Fuggle's, Old Jones's, See also:

• GOLDING, ARTHUR (c. 1536-c. 1605)

Golding); (3) late varieties (e.g . Grapes, Colgate's) . The cost of cultivating and preparing the produce of an acre of hop See also:

• LAND

land tends to increase, on account of the advancing rates of See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages, the intense cultivation more and more essential, and the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of freeing the plants from the persistent attacks of See also:

• INSECTS

insects and See also:

• FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

fungi . In 1893 Mr Whitehead estimated the average annual cost of an acre of hop land to be 13 5, IOS., the following being the items: The hops in Kent are usually planted in October or See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, the plants being 6 ft. apart each way, thus giving 1210 hills or plant-centres per acre . Some planters still grow potatoes or mangels between the rows the first year, as the plants do not bear much until the second year; but this is considered to be a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, as it encourages See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-See also:

• WORM

worm and exhausts the ground .

Many planters See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole hop plants the first year with a single short pole, and stretch coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut-fibre See also:

• STRING

string from pole to pole, and grow many hops in the first season . Much of the hop land is ploughed between the rows, as labour is scarce, and the spaces between are dug afterwards . It is far better to dig hop land if possible, the See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool used being the Kent spud . The cost of digging an acre ranges from 18s. to 21s . Hop land is ploughed or dug between November and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . After this the plants are " dressed," which means that all the old bine ends are cut off with a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp curved hop-See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife, and the plant centres kept level with the around . Manuring.-Manure is applied in the winter, and dug or ploughed in . London manure from stables is used to an enormous extent . It comes by See also:

• BARGE (Med. Lat. barca, possibly connected with Lat. baris, Gr. flaps, a boat used on the Nile)

barge or See also:

• RAIL

rail, and is brought from the wharves and stations by See also:

• TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

traction engines; it See also:

• COSTS

costs from 7s . 6d. to 9s. per load . Rags, See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste, sprats, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool waste and See also:

• SHODDY

shoddy are also put on in the winter . In the summer, See also:

• RAPE
• RAPE (from Lat. rapere, to seize)
• RAPE (Lat. rapum or rapa, turnip)

rape dust, See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano, nitrate of soda and various patent hop See also:

• MANURES

manures are chopped in with the Canter-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury See also:

• HOE (through Fr. houe from O.H.G. houwd, mod. Ger. Haue; the root is seen in " hew," to cut, cleave; the word must be distinguished from " hoe," promontory, tongue of land, seen in place names, e.g. Morthoe, Luton Hoo, the Hoe at Plymouth, &c. ; this is t
• HOE, RICHARD MARCH (1812-1886)

hoe .

See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish guano or desiccated fish is largely used; it is very stimulating and more lasting than some of the other forcing manures . The recent investigations into the subject of hop-manuring made by Dr See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• DYER, JOHN (c. 1700-1758)
• DYER, SIR EDWARD (d. 1607)
• DYER, THOMAS HENRY (1804-1888)

Dyer and Mr F . W . E . Shrivell, at See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, near See also:

• TONBRIDGE [TUNBRIDGE]

Tonbridge, Kent, are of interest . In the 1901 report 1 it was stated that the See also:

• OBJECT

object in view was to ascertain how far nitrate of soda, in the presence of an abundant See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• PHOSPHATES

phosphates and potash, is capable of being advantageously used as a source of nitrogenous See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food for hops . An See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea long persisted among hop-growers that nitrate of soda was an unsafe manure for hops, being likely to produce See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank growth of bine at the expense of quality and even quantity of hops . During recent years, however, owing very largely to the results of See also:

• WEIGHT

Weight of See also:

• KILN (0. E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove)

Kiln-dried Fuggle's Hops per Acre . In only one year did the very large dressing of 10 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre afford any better result than was produced by the less heavy dressing of 8 cwt. per acre, and this was in 1899, a 'season of such abundance and such low prices that it may be regarded as an abnormal season . If the effect of this one season on the average be eliminated, the best results, as regards quantity, were obtained on See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot E, receiving 8 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre . But plot C, with 4 cwt. only of nitrate of soda per acre, has been on the average not more than 1 cwt. per acre behind plot E . Valuations of the hops made by merchants and factors show that, on the whole, the market quality of the produce is very little affected by manuring .

Moreover, chemical investigation of the hops appears to indicate that the See also:

• BREWING

brewing quality is not in any See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant or definite way influenced by the manuring, except where the quantity of nitrate of soda has amounted to the large dressing of 8 cwt. or more per acre, a quantity which in some seasons would seem to have been pre-judicial, although in one season it happened that the highest brewing value appertained to a See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample grown with as much as to cwt. per acre . The results of See also:

• MODERN

modern investigation show that it is very largely to the presence and proportion of soft resin that hops owe their preservative value, although the quality of hops is by no means wholly dependent on this one feature . The resin percentages on the samples grown on the several plots in 1898, 1899 and 1900 were the following:- Plot . Annual Manuring per Acre . 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Avera7] of 5 Years . A Phosphates and potash . Cwt . Cwt . Cwt . Cwt . Cwt . Cwt .

131 71 84 201 8 111 B Phosphates, potash and 161 94 104 224 91 131 2 cwt. nitrate of soda . C Phosphates, potash and 161 12 121 23 11 15 4 cwt. nitrate of soda . D Phosphates, potash and 154 13 13 221 101 141 . 6 cwt. nitrate of soda . E Phosphates, potash and 15 131 151 231 11 151 8 cwt. nitrate of soda . F Phosphates, potash and 15 13 15 241 101 151 to cwt. nitrate of soda X 30 loads (about 15 tons) 13 8 91 241 101 131 London dung . . . 1898 1899 1900 1898 Plot . Annual Manuring per Acre . Total Resin . Soft Resin . Total Resin .

Soft Resin . Total Resin . Soft Resin . A Phosphates and potash . Per Cent . Per Cent . Per Cent . Per Cent . Per Cent . Per Cent . 14.15 9.21 15.07 8.6o 14'53 8.90 B Phosphates, potash and 2 cwt. nitrate of soda 14.30 9.20 16.59 8.83 15.09 8.51 C Phosphates, potash and 4 cwt. nitrate of soda 14.06 9.04 15.87 9.27 14.46 8.16 D Phosphates, potash and 6 cwt. nitrate of soda 13.57 8.6o 14.90 8.7o 13.46 7.62 E Phosphates, potash and 8 cwt. nitrate of soda 14.11 8.85 14.49 8.96 13.30 7.18 F Phosphates, potash and to cwt. nitrate of soda 12.21 7.91 15.47 9'41 12.77 6.77 X 30 loads (about 15 tons) London dung . . 13'93 8.66 14'92 8.8o 14'78 9'07 these experiments, and of corresponding experiments based upon these, which have been carried out abroad, hop farmers have much more freely availed themselves of the aid of this useful manure; and there is little doubt that the distrust of nitrate of soda as a hop manure which has existed in the past has been largely due to the fact that nitrate of soda, like many other nitrogenous manures, has often been misused (1) by being applied without a sufficient quantity of phosphates and potash, or (2) by being applied too abundantly, or (3) by being applied too late in the season, with the result of unduly delaying the ripening period .

On most of the experimental plots nitrate of soda (in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with phosphates and potash) has been used as the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole source of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen; but it is, of course, not be to supposed that any hop-grower would use year after year, as is the case on some of the plots, nothing but phosphates, potash and nitrate of soda . See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous feeding is probably See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good for plants as well as for animals, and there is a large variety of nitrogenous manures at the disposal of the hop-See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, to say nothing of what, in its place, is one of the most valuable of all manures, namely, home-made dung . These experiments were begun in 1894 with a new See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden of young Fuggle's hops . A series of experimental plots was marked out, each plot being one-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of an acre in area . The plots run parallel with one another, there being four rows of hills in each . The climate of the district is very dry . The table given above shows the annual yield of hops per acre on each plot, and also the average for each plot over the five years 1896-1900 . _gee __gee__ gee__ _gee_ _sae_ ':'ix fears' Experiments on Hop Manuring (London . 1901) . general results seem to show that the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of See also:

• TOWN

town dung for hops is not economical, unless under specially favourable terms as to cost of See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance, and that it should certainly not be relied upon as a sufficient manure . Home-made dung is in quite a different position, as not only is it richer, but it costs nothing for railway carriage . As a source of nitrogenous manure, See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased dung is on the whole too expensive .

There is a large variety of other nitrogenous manures in the market besides nitrate of soda, such, for instance as Peruvian and See also:

• DAMARALAND

Damaraland guano, sulphate of See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia, fish guano, dried See also:

• BLOOD

blood, rape dust, furriers' refuse, See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn shavings, hoof parings, wool dust, shoddy, &c . All of these may in turn be used for helping to maintain a stock of nitrogen in the soil; and the degree to which manures of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind have been recently applied in any hop garden will influence the grower in deciding as to the quantity of nitrate of soda he should use in conjunction with them, and also to some extent in fixing the date of its application . Dressings of 8 or to cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre, such as are applied annually to plots E and F, would be larger than would be put on where the land has been already dressed with dung or with other nitrogenous manures; and even, in the circumstances under See also:

• NOTICE

notice, although these plots have on the average beaten the others in weight, the hops in some seasons have been distinctly coarser than those more moderately manured-though in the dry season of 1899 the most heavily dressed plot gave actually the best quality as well as the greatest quantity of produce . With regard to the application of nitrate of soda in case the season should turn out to be wet, See also:

• PRESENT

present experience indicates that, on a ;oil otherwise liberally manured, 4 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre applied not too late, would be a thoroughly safe dressing . In the case of neither dung nor any other nitrogenous fertilizers having been recently applied, there seems no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for supposing that, even in a wet season, 6 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre applied early would be otherwise than a safe dressing, considering both quantity and quality of produce . In conjunction with dung, or with the early use of other nitrogenous manures, such as fish, guano, rape dust, &c. it would probably be See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise not to exceed 4 cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre . As to the date of application, See also:

• APRIL

April or May is the latest See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at which nitrate of soda should, in most circumstances, be applied, and probably April is preferable to May . The quantity used should be applied in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate dressings of not more than 2 cwt. per acre each, put on at intervals of a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . Where the quantity of nitrate of soda used is large, and constitutes the whole of the nitrogenous manure employed, the first dressing may, on fairly deep and retentive soils, be given as early as See also:

• JANUARY

January; or, if the quantity used is smaller, say in February; while February will, in most cases, probably be early enough for the first dressing in the case of lighter soils . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the soil and the degree and distribution of rainfall during both the prenious autumn and the winter, as well as in the spring itself, produce such varying conditions that it is almost impossible to See also:

• FRAME

frame general rules . The commonly accepted notion that nitrate of soda is a manure which should be reserved for use during the later period of the growth of the bine appears to be erroneous . The summer months, when the growth of the bine is most active, are the months in which natural nitrification is going on in the soil, converting soil nitrogen and the nitrogen of dung, guano, fish, rape dust, shoddy or other fertilizers into nitrates, and placing this nitrogen at the disposal of the plants; and it appears reasonable, therefore, to suppose that nitrate of soda will be most useful to the hops at the earlier stages of their growth, before the products of that nitrification become abundant .

This would especially be so in a season immediately following a wet autumn and winter, which have the effect of washing away into the drains the residual nitrates not utilized by the previous crop . The necessity, whether dung is used or not, and whatever form of nitrogenous manure is employed, of also supplying the hops with an abundance of phosphates, cannot be too strongly urged . The use of phosphates for hops was long neglected by hop-planters, and even now there are many growers who do not realize the full importance of heavy phosphatic manuring . On soils containing an abundance of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime no better or cheaper phosphatic manure can be used than See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary superphosphate, of which as much as to cwt. per acre may be applied without the slightest fear of harm . But if the soil is not decidedly calcareous—that is to say, if it does not effervesce when it is stirred up with some diluted hydrochloric (muriatic) acid—See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone dust, phosphatic guano or basic slag should be used as a source of phosphates, at the See also:

• RATE

rate of not less than to cwt. per acre . On See also:

• MEDIUM

medium soils, which, without being distinctly calcareous, nevertheless contain a just appreciable quantity of carbonate of lime, it is probably a good See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan to use the latter class of manures, alternately with super-phosphate, year and year about; but it is wise policy to use phosphates in some form or other every year in every hop garden . They are inexpensive, and without them neither dung, nitrate of soda, ammonia salts nor organic manures can be expected to produce both a full vigorous growth of bine and at the same time a well-matured crop of full-weighted, well-conditioned hops . The use of potash salts, on most soils, is probably not needed when good dung is freely used; but where this is not the case it is safer in most seasons and on most soils to give a dressing of potash salts . On some soils their aid should on no account be dispensed with . Experiments in hop-manuring have also been conducted in connexion with the South-Eastern Agricultural See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, Wye, Kent . The main results have been to demonstrate the necessity of a liberal supply of phosphates, if the full benefit is to be reaped from applications of nitrogenous manure . Tying, Poling and Picking.—Tying the bines to the poles or strings is essentially See also:

• WOMEN

women's See also:

• WORK

work .

It was formerly always piecework, each woman taking so many acres to tie, but it is found better to pay the women Is . 8d. to 2S. per See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, that they may all work together, and tie the plants in those grounds where they want tying at once . The new modes of poling and training hop plants have also altered the conditions of tying . Many improvements have been made in the methods of poling and training hops . Formerly two or three poles were placed to each hop-See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill or plant-centre in the spring, and removed in the winter, and this was the only mode of training . Recently systems of training on wires and strings fastened to permanent upright poles have been introduced . One arrangement of wires and strings much adopted consists of stout posts set at the end of every See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of hop-hills and fastened with stays to keep them in place . At intervals in each row a thick pole is fixed . From See also:

• POST

post to post in the rows a wire is stretched at a height of i ft. from the ground, another about 6 ft. from the ground, and anotheralong the tops of the posts, so that there are three wires . Hooks are clipped on these wires at See also:

• REGULAR

regular intervals, and coco-nutfibre strings are threaded on them and fastened from wire to wire, and from post to post, to receive the hop bines . The string is threaded on the hooks continuously, and is put on those of the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top wire with a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine called a stringer . There are several methods of training hops with posts or stout poles, wire and string, whose first cost varies from £20 to £40 per acre .

The See also:

• SYSTEM

system is cheaper in the long run than that of taking down the poles every year, and the wind does not See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow down the poles or injure the hops by banging the poles together . In another method, extensively made use of in Kent and Sussex, stout posts are placed at the ends of each row of plants, and, at intervals where requisite, wires are fastened from top to top only of these posts, whilst coco-nut-fibre strings are fixed by pegs to the ground, close to each hop-stock, whence they radiate upwards for See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to the wires stretching between the tops of the posts . This method is more See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and less expensive than the system first described, its cost being from £24 to .28 per acre . In this case the plants require to be well " leveed," or sheltered, as the strings being so light are blown about by the wind . These methods are being largely adopted, and, together with the practice of putting coco-nut-fibre strings from pole to pole in grounds poled in the old-fashioned manner, are important improvements in hop culture, which have tended to increase the production of hops . Where the old system of poling with two or three poles is still adhered to they are always creosoted, most growers having tanks for the purpose; and, in the new methods of poling, the posts and poles are creosoted, dipped or kyanized . At Wye College, Kent, different systems of planting and training have been tried, the alleys varying in width from to ft. down to 5 ft., and the distance between the hills varying quite as widely, so that the number of hills to the acre has ranged from 12 to down to 66o . The biggest crop was secured on the plot where hills were 8 ft. apart each way . As a rule, indeed, a wide See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley and abundant space between the plants, thus allowing the hops plenty of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and light, produced the best results, besides effecting some saving in the cost of cultivation, as there were only 66o or 68o hills per acre . Of the various methods of training, the See also:

• UMBRELLA

umbrella system gave the biggest crop in each of the three years,1899, 'goo, 1901; and it seemed to be the best method, except in seasons when washing was required early, in which case the plants were not so readily cleared of See also:

• VERMIN (Fr. vermine, formed as if from Lat. verminus, vcrmis, a worm)

vermin . Much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is required to keep the bines in their places on the poles, strings or wire, during the summer . This gives employment to many women, for whose service in this and fruit-picking there is considerable demand, and a woman has no trouble in earning from Is .

6d. to Is . See also:

• TOD, JAMES (1782-1835)

Tod. per day from April till September at pleasant and not very arduous labour . The hop-picking follows, and at this women sometimes get 4S. and even 5s. per day . This is the real Kent See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest, which formerly lasted a month or five See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks . Now it rarely extends beyond eighteen days, as it is important to secure the hops before the weather and the See also:

• APHIDES (pl. of Aphis)

aphides, which almost invariably swarm within the bracts of the cones, discolour them and spoil their See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, as brewers insist upon having bright, " coloury " hops . Picking is better done than was formerly the case . The hops are picked more singly, and with comparatively few leaves, and the pickers are of a somewhat better type than the rough hordes who formerly went into Kent for " hopping." Kent planters engage their pickers beforehand, and write to them, arranging the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers required and the date of picking, Many families go into Kent for See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea-and fruit-picking and remain for hop-picking . Without this great See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of persons, variously estimated at between 45,000 and 65,000, the crops of hops could not be picked; and fruit-farmers also would be unable to get their soft fruit gathered in time without the help of immigrant hands . The fruit-growers and hop-planters of Kent have greatly improved the See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation for these immigrants . Concerning the general question as to the advisability or otherwise of cutting the hop bine at the time of picking, A.D . See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall has ascertained experimentally that if the bine is cut close to the ground at a time when the whole plant is unripe there are removed in the bine and leaves considerable quantities of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid which would have returned to the roots if the bine had not been cut until ripe . The plant, therefore, would retain a substantial See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of these constituents for the following year's growth if the bine were left .

Chemical analyses have shown that about 30 lb of nitrogen per acre may be saved by allowing the bines to remain uncut, this representing practically one-third of the total amount of nitrogen in the hops, leaf and bine together . There are also from 23 lb to 30 lb of potash in the growth, of which nine-tenths would return to the roots, with about half the phosphoric acid and a very small proportion of the lime . It has been demonstrated that by the practice of cutting the bines when the hops are picked the succeeding crop is lessened to the extent of about one-tenth . As to stripping off the leaves and See also:

• LOWER

lower branches of the plant, it was found that this operation once reduced the crop to % and once 20 %, but that in the year 1899 it did not affect the crop at all . The inference appears to be that when there is a good crop it is not reduced by stripping, but that when there is less vigour in the plant it suffers the more . Hence, it would seem advisable to study the plant itself in connexion with this See also:

• MATTER

matter, and to See also:

• STRIP

strip a little later, or somewhat less, than usual when the bine is not healthy . Drying.—After being picked, the hops are taken in pokes—long sacks holding ten bushels—to the oasts to be dried . The oasts are circular or square kilns, of groups of kilns, wherein the green hops are laid upon floors covered with horsehair, under which are enclosed or open stoves or furnaces . The See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat from these is evenly distributed among the hops above by See also:

• DRAUGHTS (from AS. dragan, to draw)

draughts below and round them . This is the usual simple arrangement, but patent processes are adopted here and there, though they are by no means general . The hops are from nine to ten See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours drying, after which they are taken off the kiln and allowed to cool somewhat, and are then packed tightly into " pockets " 6 ft. long and 2 ft. wide, weighing 11 cwt., by means of a hop-pressing machine, which has cogs and wheels worked by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Of late years more care has been bestowed by some of the leading growers upon the drying of hops, so as to preserve their qualities and volatile essences, and to meet the altered requirements of brewers, who must have bright, well-managed hops for the production of light clear beers for See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught .

The use, for example, of exhaust fans, recently introduced, greatly facilitates drying by See also:

• DRAWING

drawing a large See also:

• VOLUME

volume of air through the hops; and as the temperature may at the same time be kept low, the See also:

• RISK

risk of getting over-fired samples is considerably reduced, though not entirely obviated . The See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the See also:

• ROLLER

roller See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor is another great advance in the process of hop-drying, for this, used in conjunction with a raised See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform for the men to stand on when turning, pre-vents any damage from the feet of the workmen, and reduces the loss of resin to a minimum . The best results are obtained when exhaust fans and the roller floor are associated together . In such cases the roller floor, which empties its load automatically, pours the hop cones into the receiving sheets in usually as whole and unbroken a condition as that in which they went on to the kiln . Pests of the Hop Crop.—In recent years the difficulties attendant upon hop cultivation have been aggravated, and the expenses in-creased, by regularly recurring attacks of aphis blight—due to the See also:

• INSECT

insect Aphis (Phorodon) humuli—which render it necessary to spray or See also:

• SYRINGE (Gr. ovpryE, reed, pipe)

syringe every hop plant, every See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch and leaf, with insecticidal solutions three or four times, and sometimes more often, in each season . Quassia and soft-See also:

• SOAP

soap solutions are usually employed; they contain from 4 lb to 8 lb of soft soap, and the See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract of from 8 lb to so lb of quassia chips to too gallons of See also:

• WATER

water . The soft soap serves as a vehicle to retain the bitterness of the quassia upon the bines and leaves, making them repulsive to the aphides, which are thus starved out . Another pest, the red spider, Tetranychus See also:

• TETANUS (from Gr. rei:vw, I stretch, on account of the tension of the fibres of the affected muscles), or LOCKJAW

tetanus —really one of the " See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning mites "—is most destructive in very hot summers . Congregating on the under surfaces of the leaves, the red See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders exhaust the See also:

• SAP

sap and cause the leaves to fall, producing the effect known in Germany as " See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-blast." The hop-See also:

• WASH, THE

wash of soft soap and quassia, so effective against aphis attack, is of little availin the case of red spider . Some success, however, has attended the use of a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution containing 8 lb to to lb of soft soap to too gallons of water, with three pints of See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin added . It is necessary to apply the washes with great force, in order to break through the webs with which the spiders protect themselves . Hop-washing is done by means of large garden engines worked by hand, but more frequently with See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse engines .

Resort is sometimes had to See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam engines, which force the spraying solution along pipes laid between the rows of hops . See also:

• MOULD

Mould or See also:

• MILDEW (0. Eng. meledeaw or mildeaw, explained as " meal-dew," cf. Ger. Me/zit/tau, with more probability, as " honey-dew," Goth. melith, honey, cf. Lat. mel, Gr. µEX)

mildew is frequently the source of much loss to hop-planters . It is due to the action of the fungus Podosphaera castagnei, and the See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief is more especially that done to the cones . The only trustworthy remedy is See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, employed usually in the form of flowers of sulphur, from 40 lb to 6o lb per acre being applied at each sulphuring . The powder is distributed by means of a machine See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by a horse between the rows . The sulphur is fed from a hopper into a blast-See also:

• PIPE

pipe, whence it is driven by a See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan actuated by the travelling wheels, and falls as a dense, wide-spreading See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud upon the hop-bines . The first sulphuring takes place when the plants are fairly up the poles, and is repeated three or four weeks later; and even again if indications of mildew are present . It may be added that sulphur is also successfully employed in the form of an alkaline sulphide, such as solution of " See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver of sulphur," a variety of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium sulphide . (W .