See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)  , a member of a small genus of trees of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Corylaceae . The Latin name Carpinus has been thought to be derived from the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin or See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, the wood of hornbeams having been used for See also:

• YOKES

yokes of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle (see Loudon, Ency. of Pl. p . 792, new ed . 1855, and See also:

• LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre, See also:

• DIET

Diet. ii . 556) . The See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

hornbeam, or yoke-See also:

• ELM

elm, Carpinus betulus (Ger . Hornbaum and Hornbuche, Fr. charme), is indigenous in the temperate parts of western See also:

• ASIA

Asia and of Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, and in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, where it ranges as high as 55° and 56° N. See also:

• LAT

lat . It is common in See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and hedges in parts of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk is usually flattened, and See also:

• TWISTED

twisted as though composed of several stems See also:

• UNITED

united; the bark is smooth and See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey; and the leaves are in two rows, 2 to 3 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, elliptic-ovate, doubly toothed, pointed, numerously ribbed, hairy below and opaque, and not glossy as in the See also:

• BEECH

beech, have See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stalks and when See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young are plaited . The stipules of the leaves See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as protecting See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale-leaves in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter-bud and fall when the bud opens in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers appear with the leaves in See also:

• APRIL

April and May . The male catkins are about 14 in. long, and have See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale-yellow anthers, bearing tufts of hairs at the See also:

• APEX

apex; the See also:

• FEMALE

female attain a length in the fruiting See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of 2 to 4 in., with bracts 1 to See also:

• R2(rt-s2)

r2 in. long .

The See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and angular See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit or " See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut " ripens in See also:

• OCTOBER

October; it is about 4 in. in length, is in shape like a small See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, and is enclosed in leafy, 3-lobed bracts . The hornbeam thrives well on stiff, clayey, moist soils, into which its roots penetrate deeply; on See also:

• CHALK

chalk or See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel it does not flourish . Raised from See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed it may become a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree 40 to as much as 70 ft. in height, greatly resembling the beech, except ' See the description of the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument and of other attempts to obtain the same result by Gottfried See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber, " Wichtige Verbesserung See also:

• DES

des Horns " in Allg. musik . Ztg . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1812), pp . 758, Ste.; also 1815, pp . 637 and 638 (the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent or keyed See also:

• BUGLE

bugle) . 2 See Allg. musik . Ztg., 1815, May, p . 309, the first announcement of the invention in a See also:

• PARAGRAPH

paragraph by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain G . B . Bierey .

Ibid., 1817, p . 814, by F . See also:

• SCHNEIDER, JOHANN GOTTLOB (1750-1822)
• SCHNEIDER, LOUIS (1805-1878)

Schneider, and 'Dec. p . 558; 1818, 531 . An announcement of the invention and of a patent granted For the same for ten years, in which Bliimel is for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time associated with Stolzel as co-inventor . See also See also:

• CAECILIA
• CAECILIA, VIA

Caecilia (See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, 1835), Bd. xvii. pp . 73 seq., with illustrations, an excellent See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by Gottfried Weber on the See also:

• VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn and valve See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet . 'For a very See also:

• COMPLETE

complete exposition of the operation of valves in the horn, and of the mathematical proportions to be observed in construction, see See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor Mahillon's " Le See also:

• COE

Coe," also the article by Gottfried Weber in Caecilia (1835), to which reference was made above . A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of horn-players of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note during the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century is given by C . Gottlieb Murr In See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal f . Kunstgeschichte (See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg, 1776), vol. ii. p . 27 .

See also a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of playing of the virtuoso J . Nisle in 1767 in See also:

• SCHUBART, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH DANIEL (1739-1791)

Schubart, Aesthetik d . Tonkunst, p . 161, and Leben it . Gesinnungen (1791), Bd. ii. p . 92; or in L . Schiedermair, " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Bliitezeit d . Ottingen-Wallensteinschen Hofkapelle," Intern . See also:

• MUS

Mus . Ges . Smbd. ix . (I), 1907, pp .

83-13o.in its rounder and closer head . It is, however, rarely grown as a See also:

• TIMBER

timber-tree, its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief employment being for hedges . " In the single See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row," says See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn (Sylva, p . 29, 1664), " it makes the noblest and the stateliest hedges for long Walks in Gardens or Parks, of any Tree whatsoever whose leaves are See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous." As it bears clipping well, it-was formerly much used in geometric gardening . The branches should not be lopped in spring, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their tendency to bleed at that See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The wood of the hornbeam is See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-grained, and polishes See also:

• ILL

ill, is of considerable tenacity and little flexibility, and is extremely tough and hard to See also:

• WORK

work—whence, according to See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard, the name of the tree . It has been found to lose about 8% of its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight by drying . As a See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel it is excellent; and its See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal is much esteemed for making See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder . The inner See also:

• PART

part of the bark of the hornbeam is stated by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus to afford a yellow dye . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the leaves serve as See also:

• FODDER

fodder . The tree is a favourite with See also:

• HARES

hares and rabbits, and the seedlings are See also:

• APT

apt to be destroyed by mice . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (Nat .

Hist. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 26), who describes its wood as red and easily split, classes the hornbeam with maples . The See also:

• AMERICAN

American hornbeam, See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• WATER

water beech, is Car pinus americana (also known as C. caroliniana); the common See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop-hornbeam, a native of the south of Europe, is a member of a closely allied genus, Ostrya vulgaris, the allied American See also:

• SPECIES

species, O. virginiana, is also known as See also:

• IRONWOOD

ironwood from its very hard, tight, close-grained wood .