HORSEMANSHIP  , the See also:

• ART

art of managing the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse from his back and controlling his paces and the direction and See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of his See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure is dealt with in the articles on See also:

• RIDING

RIDING and cognate subjects (see also HORSE: See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section Management) . A See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of skill is, however, needed in breaking, training, bitting and schooling horses for a See also:

• GAME

game like See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

polo, or for the evolutions of what is known as the haute ecole . It is with the latter, or " school " riding, that we See also:

• DEAL

deal here . The See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages had seen See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into a social distinction, and horsemanship into a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of knightly prowess . The See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance introduced the cultivation of horsemanship as an art, with See also:

• REGULAR

regular conditions and rules, instead of merely its skilful practice for utility and exercise . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of horsemanship were established at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and other See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cities; thither flocked the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and other monarchs of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time had Italians for their masters of the horse . The See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of Pignatelli at Naples was the most famous of the schools in the middle of the 16th century, but a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of other less renowned masters devoted themselves to teaching the riders and training the horses . Trappings of all sorts multiplied; the prescribed tricks, feats and postures involved considerable dexterity; they were fatiguing to both See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and beast, and were really useless except for show . This elaborate art, enthusiastically followed among the See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance nations, was the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of later developments of the haute 'tole, and of the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus-performances of See also:

• MODERN

modern days . In England, however, the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style did not find favour for See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle's Methode nouvelle de See also:

• DRESSER

dresser See also:

• LES

les chevaux (1648) was the leading See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• BOOK

book of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and in 1761 the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke published his See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

Cavalry Horsemanship .

In France a simplification was introduced in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 18th century by La Gueriniere (Ecole de cavalerie) and others . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French military school thus became the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, though the See also:

• ENGLISH

English style remained in opposition, forming a sort of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise with the ordinary method of riding across See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . In more modern times France again came to the front in regard to the haute 'tole, through the innovations of the vicomte d'Aure (1798-1863) and See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Baucher (1796-1873) . Baucher was a circus-rider who became the greatest See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of his art, and who had an elaborate theory of the principles involved in training a horse . His See also:

• SYSTEM

system was carried on, with modifications, by masters and theorists like See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• RAABE, HEDWIG (1844-1905)
• RAABE, WILHELM (1831-1910)

Raabe, M . Barroil and M . Fillis . In more See also:

• RECENT

recent times the style of the haute 'tole has also been cultivated by various masters in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, such as H . L. de Bussigny at See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston . See d'Aure, See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade d'equitation (1847); Hundersdorf, Equitation See also:

• ALLEMANDE (Fr. for danse allemande, or German dance)

allemande (Bruxelles, 1843); Baucher, Passe-temps equestres (1840), Methode d' equitation (1867 ; Raabe, Methode de haute 'tole d' equitation (1863); Barroil, Art equestre; Fillis, Principes de dressage; See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes, Riling on the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, &c . (1882) .