HORSENS  , a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Horsens See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

Fjord, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• JUTLAND (Danish Jylland)

Jutland, 32 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. of See also:

• AARHUS

Aarhus, in the amt (See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) of that name . Pop . (1901) 22,243 . It is the junction of See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways to Bryrup and to Tarring inland, and to Juelsminde on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The exports are chiefly See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

bacon and See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter; the imports, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• YARN

yarn, See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• TIMBER

timber . The town is See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient; there is a disused See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church with tombs of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and the Vor-Frelsers-See also:

• KIRKE, PERCY (c. 1646-1691)

Kirke has a carved See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit of the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Horsens is the birthplace of the navigator See also:

• VITUS, ST (German, Veit; French, Guy)

Vitus See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering or Behring (1680), the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic explorer . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north lies the picturesque See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake See also:

• DISTRICT

district between Skanderberg and Silkeborg (see AARHUS) See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

HORSE-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

POWER . The See also:

• DEVICE

device, frequently seen in farmyards, by which the power of a horse is utilized to drive threshing or other machinery, is sometimes described as a " horse-power," but this See also:

• TERM

term usually denotes the unit in which the performance of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam and other engines is expressed, and which is defined as the See also:

• RATE

rate at which See also:

• WORK

work is done when 33,000 lb are raised one See also:

• FOOT

foot in one See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute . This value was adopted by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt as the result of experiments with strong dray-horses, but, as he was aware, it is in excess of what can be done by an See also:

• AVERAGE

average horse over a full See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day's work . It is equal to 746 See also:

• WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864)
• WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK (1817-1904)
• WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748)

watts . On the metric See also:

• SYSTEM

system it is reckoned as 4500 kilogram-metres a minute, and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French cheval-vapeur is thus equal to 32,549 foot-pounds a minute, or o-9863 of an See also:

• ENGLISH

English horse-power, or 736 watts .

The "nominal horse-power" by which engines are sometimes rated is an arbitrary and obsolescent term of indefinite significance . An See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula for obtaining it is T- s-D2:/ S for high-pressure engines, and .117D2 y" S for condensing engines, where D is the See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of the See also:

• PISTON (through Fr. from Ital. pistone or pestone, a great pestle, from Late Lat. pistare, to pound, a frequentative form of classical Lat. pinsere)

piston in inches and S the length of the stroke in feet, though varying See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers are used for the divisor . The " indicated horse-power " of a reciprocating See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine is given by ASPN/ 33,000, where A is the See also:

• AREA

area of the piston in square inches, S the length of the stroke in feet, P the mean pressure on the piston in lb per sq. in., and N the number of effective strokes per minute, namely, one for each revolution of the See also:

• CRANK

crank See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft if the engine is single-acting, but twice as many if it is See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-acting . The mean pressure P is ascertained from the See also:

• DIAGRAM

diagram or "card " given by an See also:

• INDICATOR (from Lat. indicare, to point out)

indicator (see STEAM-ENGINE) . In See also:

• TURBINE (Lat. turbo, a whirlwind, a whirling motion ,or object, a top)

turbine engines this method is inapplicable . A statement of indicated horse-power supplies a measure of the force acting in the See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder of an engine, but the power available for doing See also:

• EXTERNAL

external work off the crank-shaft is less than this by the amount absorbed in See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving the engine itself . The useful See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue, known as the " actual," " effective " or " See also:

• BRAKE

brake " horse-power, can be directly measured by a See also:

• DYNAMOMETER (Gr. Suva u , strength, and OTpov, a measure)

dynamometer (q.v.); it amounts to about 8o% of the indicated horse-power for See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good condensing engines and about 85% for non-condensing engines, or perhaps a little more when the engines are of the largest sizes . When turbines, as often happens in See also:

• LAND

land practice, are directly coupled to See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical generators, their horse-power can be deduced from the electrical output . When they are used for the propulsion of See also:

• SHIPS

ships recourse is had to " torsion meters " which measure the amount of twist undergone by the propeller shafts while transmitting power . Two points are selected on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the shaft at different positions along it, and the relative displacement which occurs between them See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the shaft when power is being transmitted is determined either by electrical means, as in the Denny-See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson torsion-See also:

• METER, ELECTRIC

meter, or optically, as in the See also:

• HOPKINSON, FRANCIS (1737–1791)
• HOPKINSON, JOHN (1849-1898)

Hopkinson-See also:

• THRING, EDWARD (1821-1887)

Thring and Bevis-See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . The twist or surface-shear being proportional to the See also:

• TORQUE, or TORO (Lat. torquis, torques, a twisted collar, torquere, to twist)

torque, the horse-power can be calculated if the modulus of rigidity of the See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel employed is known or if the amount of twist corresponding to a given power has previously been ascertained by See also:

• DIRECT

direct experiment on the shaft before it has been put in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . HORSE-RACING .

Probably the earliest instance of the use of horses in racing recorded in literature occurs in Il. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 212-650, where the various incidents of the See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot-See also:

• RACE

race at the funeral See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games held in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Patroclus are detailed with much vividness . According to the ancient authorities the four-horse chariot-race was introduced into the Olympic games as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 23rd See also:

• OLYMPIAD

Olympiad; to this the race with mounted horses was added in the 33rd; while other See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations (such as two-horse chariot-races, See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule races, loose-horse races, See also:

• SPECIAL

special races for under-aged horses) were admitted at a still later period . Of the training and management of the Olympic race-horse we are See also:

• LEFT

left in See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance; but it is known that the equestrian candidates were required to enter their names and send their horses to Ells at least See also:

• THIRTY

thirty days before the celebration of the games commenced, and that the charioteers and riders, whether owners or proxies, went through a prescribed course of exercise during the intervening See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . At all the other See also:

• NATIONAL

national games of See also:

• GREECE

Greece (Pythian, Isthmian, Nemean), as well as at many of the See also:

• LOCAL

local festivals (the Athenian See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia and See also:

• PANATHENAEA

Panathenaea), similar contests had a prominent place . Some indication of the extent to which the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for horse-racing was indulged in at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, for example, about the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes may be obtained from the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene with which The Clouds opens; while it is a significant fact that the Boeotians termed one of the months of their See also:

• YEAR

year, corresponding to the Athenian Hecatombacon, Hippodromius (" Horse-race month "; see See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam . 15) . For the chariot-races and horse-races of the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, see See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

CIRCUS and GAMES .