See also:

• HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, See also:

• MODERN

modern otage, from See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. obsidaticum, the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)  , a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . The practice of taking hostages is very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient, and has been used constantly in negotiations with conquered nations, and in cases such as surrenders, armistices and the like, where the two belligerents depended for its proper carrying out on each other's See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good faith . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans were accustomed to take the sons of tributary princes and educate them at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, thus holding a security for the continued See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty of the conquered nation and also instilling a possible future ruler with ideas of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . This practice was also adopted in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• BRITISH

British occupation of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in her relations with the Arab tribes in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa.' The position of a See also:

• HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

hostage was that of a prisoner of war, 1 The See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Bagiemi, in Central Africa, in 1906 sent his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew to undergo military training with a See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron of See also:

• SPAHIS (in Persian Sipari, meaning warriors, and synonymous with Sepoy)

Spahis, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to serve as a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of his fidelity to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French (Bulletin du Comite de l'Afrique francaise, Oct . 19(36) . to be retained till the negotiations or treaty obligations were carried out, and liable to See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment (in ancient times), and even to See also:

• DEATH

death, in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of treachery or refusal to fulfil the promises made . The practice of taking hostages as security for the carrying out of a treaty between civilized states is now obsolete . The last occasion was at the treaty of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, when two British peers, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Bowes See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, rith See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, gth See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• CATHCART
• CATHCART, SIR GEORGE (1794-1854)
• CATHCART, WILLIAM SCHAW CATHCART

Cathcart, were sent to France as hostages for the restitution of Cape See also:

• BRETON, BRITTON
• BRETON, JULES ADOLPHE

Breton to France . In See also:

• MODERN

modern times the practice may be said to be confined to two occasions: (I) to secure the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of enforced contributions or requisitions in an occupied territory and the obedience to regulations the occupying See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army may think See also:

• FIT

fit to issue; (2) as a precautionary measure, to prevent illegitimate acts of war or violence by persons not members of the recognized military forces of the enemy: During the Franco-Prussian War of 187o, the Germans took as hostages the prominent See also:

• PEOPLE

people or officials from towns or districts when making requisitions and also when foraging, and it was a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general practice for the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor and adjoin' of a See also:

• TOWN

town which failed to pay a See also:

• FINE

fine imposed upon it to be seized as " hostages " and retained till the See also:

• MONEY

money was paid . The last case where " hostages " have been taken in modern warfare has been the subject of much discussion . In 187o the Germans found it necessary to take See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• MEASURES

measures to put a stop to See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train-wrecking by parties in occupied territory not belonging to the recognized armed forces of the enemy, an illegitimate See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of war . Prominent citizens were placed on the See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine of the train " so that it might be understood that in every See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident caused by the hostility of the inhabitants their compatriots will be the first to suffer." The measure seems to have been effective .

In 'goo during the See also:

• BOER

Boer War, by a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation issued at See also:

• PRETORIA

Pretoria (See also:

• JUNE

June 19th), See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts adopted the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for a similar See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, but shortly afterwards (See also:

• JULY

July 2g) it was abandoned (see The Times' See also:

• HISTORY

History of the War in S . Africa, iv . 402) . The Germans also, between the surrender of a town and its final occupation, took " hostages " as security against outbreaks of violence by the inhabitants . Most writers on See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law have regarded this method of preventing such acts of hostility as unjustifiable, on the ground that the persons taken as hostages are not the persons responsible for the act; that, as by the usage of war hostages are to be treated strictly as prisoners of war, such an exposure to danger is transgressing the rights of a belligerent; and as useless, for the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere temporary removal of important citizens till the end of a war cannot be a deterrent unless their mere removal deprives the combatants of persons necessary to the continuance of the acts aimed at (see W . E . See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, International Law, 1904, pp . 418, 475) . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand it has been urged (L . See also:

• OPPENHEIM

Oppenheim, International Law, rgo5, vol. ii., " War and See also:

• NEUTRALITY

Neutrality," pp . 271-273) that the acts, the prevention of which is aimed at, are not legitimate acts on the See also:

• PART

part of the armed forces of the enemy, but illegitimate acts by private persons, who, if caught, could be quite lawfully punished, and that a precautionary and preventive measure is more reasonable than " See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals." It may be noticed, however, that the hostages would suffer should the acts aimed at be performed by the authorized belligerent forces of the enemy . In France, after the revolution of Prairial (June 18, 1799), the so-called " law of hostages " was passed, to meet the insurrection in La See also:

• VENDEE
• VENDEE, WARS OF THE

Vendee .

Relatives of emigres were taken from disturbed districts and imprisoned, and were liable to See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution at any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape . See also:

• SEQUESTRATION

Sequestration of their See also:

• PROPERTY

property and See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation from France followed on the See also:

• MURDER

murder of a republican, four to every such murder, with heavy fines on the whole See also:

• BODY

body of hostages . The law only resulted in an increase in the insurrection . See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in 1796 had used similar measures to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the insurrection in See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy (Correspondance de Napoleon I. i . 323, 327, quoted in Hall, International Law) . ' See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

Article 5o of the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague War Regulations See also:

• LAYS

lays it down that " no general See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible." The regulations, however, do not allude to the practice of taking hostage . In May 1871, at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune, took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the so-called hostages . Strictly they were not " hostages," for they had not been handed over or seized as security for the performance of any undertaking or as a preventive measure, but merely in See also:

• RETALIATION

retaliation for the death of their leaders E . V . See also:

• DUVAL, ALEXANDRE VINCENT
• DUVAL, CLAUDE (1643–1670)

Duval and Gustave See also:

• FLOURENS, GUSTAVE (1838-1871)
• FLOURENS, MARIE JEAN PIERRE (1794-1867)

Flourens . It was an act of maniacal despair, on the defeat at Mont Valerien on the 4th of See also:

• APRIL

April and the entry of the army into Paris on the 21st of May . Among the many victims who were shot in batches the most noticeable were See also:

• MONSIGNOR (It. monsignore, my lord)

Monsignor See also:

• DARBOY, GEORGES (1813-1871)

Darboy, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Paris, the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe Deguery, cure of the Madeleine, and the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court of Cassation, See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard Bonjean .