See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple; it may be ultimately connected with the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of " hide," conceal)  , the dwelling-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of a human being (treated, from the architectural point of view, below), or, in a transferred sense, of an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, particularly of one whose See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode, like that of the See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, is built by the animal Itself, or, like that of the See also:

• SNAIL

snail, resembles in some fancied way a human' dwelling . Apart from the numerous See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound uses of the word, denoting the purpose for which a See also:

• BUILDING

building is employed, such as See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, lighthouse, bakehouse, greenhouse and the like, there may be mentioned the particular applications to a chamber of a legislative See also:

• BODY

body, the Houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament, House of Representatives, &c.; to the upper and See also:

• LOWER

lower assemblies of See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation; and to the colleges at a university; the heads of these See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations, known particularly as See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost, See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector, &c., are collectively called heads of houses . At See also:

• ENGLISH

English public See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools a " house " is the usual unit of the organization . In the " houses " the boys See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, have their " studies " and their meals, if the school is arranged on the " boarding-house " See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The houses have their representative teams in the school See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, but have no place in the educational class-system of the school . It may be noticed that in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland the words " house " and " See also:

• TENEMENT (Med. Lat. tenetnentum, from tenere, to hold)

tenement " are used in a way distinct from the English use, " tenement " being applied to the large See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block containing " houses," portions, i.e., occupied by See also:

• SEPARATE

separate families . " The House " is the name colloquially given to such different institutions as the See also:

• LONDON

London Stock See also:

• EXCHANGE

Exchange, the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons or Lords and to a workhouse . In the transferred sense, " house " is used of a See also:

• FAMILY

family, genealogically considered, and of the See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience at a public See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, or entertainment, especially of a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre . A " house-physician " and " house-surgeon " is a member of the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident medical See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . In See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology the twelve divisions into which the heavens are divided, and through which the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets pass, are known as houses, the first being called the " house of See also:

• LIFE

life." The word " house," " See also:

• HOUSING

housing," used of the trappings of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, especially of a covering for the back and flanks, attached to the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle, is of quite distinct origin . In See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Latin it appears as hucia, houssia and housia (see See also:

• DUCANGE, VICTOR HENRI JOSEPH BRAHAIN (1783-1833)

Ducange, Glossarium, s.v. housia), and comes into English from the O . Fr. huche, See also:

• MODERN

modern housse .

It has been supposed to have been adopted, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades, from the Arabic yushiah, a covering . Architecturally considered, the See also:

• TERM

term " house " is given to a building erected for habitation, in contradistinction to one built for See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular or ecclesiastical purposes . The term extends, there-fore, to a dwelling of any See also:

• SIZE

size, from a single-See also:

• ROOM

room building to one containing as many rooms as a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace; thus in London some of the largest dwellings are those inhabited by See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty, such as See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough House, or others by men of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, such as See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon-See also:

• SHIRE

shire House, See also:

• BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS EGERTON, 3RP DUKE OF (1736-1803)
• BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON

Bridgewater House, See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer House, &c.; and even those which, formerly built as habitations, have subsequently been devoted to other purposes, such as See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset House and See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington House, retain the term . In See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris the larger houses thus named would be called hotel . So far as the See also:

• HISTORY

history of domestic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture is concerned, the earliest houses of which remains have been found are those of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Kahun in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, which were built for the workmen employed in the building of the See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid at Illahun, and deserted on its completion . They varied in size from the habitations of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief inspectors to the single room of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary labourer, and were built in unburnt See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick with open courts in the larger examples, to give See also:

• LIGHT

light and See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air to the rooms See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round . The See also:

• MODELS

models found in 1907 at See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir-Rifa opposite See also:

• ASSIUT, or SLUT

Assiut in Upper Egypt, by See also:

• FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Flinders See also:

• PETRIE, GEORGE (179o-1866)
• PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853– )

Petrie, and assumed by him to be those of " soul-houses," suggest that the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early type of building consisted of a hut, to which later a See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch or lean-to, with two poles in front, has been added; subsequently, columns replaced the poles, and a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat roof with See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet, suggesting the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive forms of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . The only remains of early houses found in See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia are those within the precincts of the Temple of See also:

• BEL

Bel, at See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur, occupied by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king; but beyond the fact that the walls were built in unburnt brick and were sometimes of See also:

• GREAT

great thickness, nothing is known . The houses in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete would seem to have been small in See also:

• AREA

area, but this was compensated for in height, as the small plaques found in the palace at See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus show houses in two or three storeys, with gable See also:

• ROOFS

roofs and windows subdivided by mullions and transomes, corresponding with those of the 15th to 17th centuries in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase in the palace rising through two storeys shows that even at this early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the houses in towns had floors superposed one above the other; to a certain extent the same See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension existed in the later See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek houses found in See also:

• DELOS

Delos, in two of which there was clear See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of wooden staircases leading within to the roof or to an upper See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey . The largest See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series hitherto discovered is that at See also:

• PRIENE (mod. Samsun kale)

Priene in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, where the remains of some See also:

• THIRTY

thirty examples were found, varying in dimensions, but all based on the same See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan; this consisted of an entrance passage leading to an open See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of which, and therefore facing See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, was an open See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico, corresponding to the prostas in See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius (vi . 7), and in the See also:

• REAR

rear two large rooms, one of which might be the See also:

• OECUS

oecus or sitting-room, and the other the thalamos or chief bedroom .

Other rooms round the court were the See also:

• TRICLINIUM

triclinium, or dining room, and cubicula or bedchambers . The largest of these houses occupied an area measuring 75 X30 ft . Those found in Delos, though fewer in number, are of much greater importance, the house in the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street of the theatre having twelve rooms exclusive of the entrance passage and the great central court, surrounded on all four sides by a See also:

• PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle; in this house the oecus measured 26X18 ft . In a second example the prostas consisted of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, the whole width of the site, which was lighted by windows at each end, the sills of which were raised & ft. or 9 ft. from the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor . The remains of the houses found in the See also:

• PEIRAEUS, or PIRAEUS (Gr. Hetpaceur)

Peiraeus are of the same See also:

• SIMPLE

simple plan as those at Priene, and suggest that the Greek house was considered to be the private See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence only for the members of the family, and without any See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for entertaining guests as in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii . From the descriptions given by Vitruvius (ii . 8) it may be gathered that in his time many of the houses in Rome were built in unburnt brick, the walls of which, if properly protected at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top with a course of burnt brick projecting over the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the See also:

• BRICKWORK

brickwork, and coated inside and outside with See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco, were considered to be more lasting than those built in soft stone . Vitruvius refers also to Greek houses thus built, and states that in the house of See also:

• MAUSOLUS (more correctly MAUSSOLLUS)

Mausolus, at See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus, the walls were of unburnt brick, and the plastering with which they were covered was so polished that Parsonage House at See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market Deeping, See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire . The principal examples of the domestic architecture of this early period in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country are castles, See also:

• MANOR

manor houses and See also:

• FARM

farm buildings, as See also:

• TOWN

town houses occupied sites too valuable to be See also:

• LEFT

left untouched; this, however, is not the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and particularly in the south, where streets of early houses are still to be found in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good built in See also:

• RUBBLE

rubble See also:

• MASONRY

masonry with See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• MORTAR

mortar, and their walls were preservation, such as those at See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny (fig . 1) and See also:

• CORDES

Cordes (See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn), protected at the top by burnt brick courses and their faces with j and others at Montferrand, See also:

• CAHORS

Cahors, See also:

• FIGEAC

Figeac, See also:

• ANGERS

Angers, See also:

• PROVINS

Provins, stucco; they were, however, of a second- or third-See also:

• RATE

rate class See also:

• SARLAT

Sarlat (fig . 2), St Emilion, Perigueux, See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons and See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais, :ompared with those in Rome, the magnificence of which is 1 dating from the 12th to the 14th centuries . One of the most attested in the descriptions given by various writers and sub- remarkable examples is the Musician's House at See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims (see stantiated by the remains occasionally found in excavations .

See also:

• PLATE

Plate I., fig . 4), with large windows on the first floor, between Vitruvius refers to upper storeys, which were necessary in consequence of the limited area in Rome, and representations in See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic floors and in bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture have been found on which two or three storeys are indicated . The plans of many See also:

• ROMAN

Roman houses are shown on the See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble Plan, and they resemble those of Pompeii, but it is probable that the principal reception rooms were on an upper storey, long since destroyed . The house of Livia on the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill was in two storeys, and the decoration was of a much finer See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character than those of Pompeii; this house and the House of the Vestals might be taken as representative of the Roman house in Rome itself . In those built in colder climates, as in England and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account has to be taken of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special provision required for warming the rooms by hypocausts, of which numerous examples have been found, with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich mosaic floors over them . Of the houses in succeeding centuries, those found in the cities of central See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, described in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article ARCHITECTURE, are wonderfully perfect, in consequence of their See also:

• DESERTION

desertion at the time of the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan invasion in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Very little is known of the houses in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe during the dark ages, owing to the fact that they were generally built in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, with thatched roofs . The only examples in stone which have been preserved are those in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Skellig See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, See also:

• KERRY

Kerry, which were constructed like the beehive tombs at See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae with stone courses overlapping inside until they closed in at the top . These houses or cells were rectangular inside and round or See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval outside, with a small See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door at one end, and an opening above to let the See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke out . The houses, even in large towns like London, were built mainly in wood, in some cases down to the 17th century; in the country, the smaller houses were constructed with trunks of trees in pairs, one end of the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk being sunk in the ground, the other See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent over and secured by a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge piece, thus forming a pointed See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch, the opening of which was about 11 ft . The pairs were fixed 16 ft. apart, and the space included constituted a See also:

• BAY

bay, any requisite increase in the size of the house being made by doubling or trebling the bays . The roofs were thatched with See also:

• STRAW

straw on battens, and sometimes with a See also:

• COLLAR

collar See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam carrying a floor, which constituted an upper storey .

The end walls were closed with wooden studs and wattle-and-dab filling . The pairs of trees were known as forks or crucks . Vitruvius (ii . 1) suggests a similar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of building in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times, except that the interlaced twigs were covered with clay, so as to carry off the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain . In See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire there was another type of house, known as a coit, which was a dwelling-house and See also:

• BARN

barn (shippon) See also:

• UNITED

united; the latter contained the cow-stalls with See also:

• LOFT (connected with " lift," i.e. raised in the air; O. Eng. lyft; cf. Ger. Luft; the French term is grenier and Ger. Boden)

loft above, and the former was in two storeys, with a See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

ladder inside the room leading to the upper floor' Passing now to structures of a less ephemeral character, the earliest houses of which there still remain substantial See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics are those built in stone (see MANOR HousE) . The See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew's House at See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, 12th century, is one of the best-known examples, and still preserves its street front in stone, with rich entrance door-way and first-floor windows See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting the principal room, which seems invariably in those early houses to have been on the first floor, the ground floor being used for service and stores (see Plate I. fig . 5) . To the 13th century belongs the old Rectory House at See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean, See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex, and to the 14th century the I A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete description of these houses will be found in The See also:

• EVOLUTION

Evolution of the English House, by S . O . Addy . they sparkled like See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . In Rome, however, he points out, such walls ought to be forbidden, as they are not See also:

• FIT

fit to carry an upper storey, unless they are of great thickness, and as upper storeys become necessary in a crowded See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city such walls would occupy too much space .

The houses in Pompeii (q.v.) were which are niches with life-size figures of musicians seated in them . Generally speaking, the ground storeys of these houses, which in many cases were occupied by shops, have been trans-formed, but occasionally the old See also:

• SHOP

shop fronts remain, as in See also:

• DINAN

Dinan, See also:

• MORLAIX

Morlaix and other old towns in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany . Houses of the first See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance of great beauty exist in See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, such as the house of See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes See also:

• SOREL
• SOREL, AGNES (c. 1422-1450)
• SOREL, ALBERT (1842-1906)
• SOREL, CHARLES, SIEUR DE SOUVIGNY (1597-1674)

Sorel; and the example in the Market Place illustrated in fig . 3; in See also:

• TOURS

Tours, See also:

• TRISTAN
• TRISTAN, or TRISTRAM

Tristan's house in brick with stone See also:

• QUOINS (an old variant spelling of " coin," from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

quoins and dressings to windows; in See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen, See also:

• CAEN

Caen, See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux, See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, See also:

• DIJON

Dijon and, in fact, in almost every town throughout France . Of houses of large dimensions, which in France are termed hotels, there are also many other See also:

• FINE

fine examples, the best known of which are the hotel de Jacques Cur (see Plate II., fig . 7), at See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges, and the hotel de Cluny at Paris (see Plate I., fig . 6) . In the 15th and 16th centuries in France, owing to the value of the sites in towns, the houses See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to many storeys, the upper of which were built in See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• TIMBER

timber, sometimes projecting on corbels and richly carved; of these numerous examples exist at Rouen, Beauvais, Bayeux and other towns in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy and Brittany . Of such structures in English towns (see Plate II. fig . 9) there are still preserved some examples in See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton, See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury, See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford-on-See also:

• AVON

Avon, and many smaller towns; the greatest development in half-timber houses in England is that which is found more particularly throughout See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, Sussex and See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, in houses-of modest dimensions, generally consisting of ground and first floor only, with sometimes additional rooms in the roof; in these the upper storey invariably projects in front of the lower, giving increased dimensions to the rooms in the former, but adopted in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to protect the walls of the ground storey from rain, which in the upper storey was effected by the projecting See also:

• EAVES (not a plural form as is sometimes supposed, but singular; O. Eng. efes, in Mid. High Ger. obse, Gothic ubizwa, a porch; connected with " over ")

eaves of the roof . In the north and west of England, where stone could be obtained at less cost than brick, and in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of England, where brick, often imported from the Low Countries, was largely employed, the ordinary houses were built in those materials, and in consequence of their excellent construction many houses of the 16th and 17th centuries have remained in good preservation down to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day; they are found in the Cotswolds generally, and (among small towns) at Broadway in See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester-shire and (of brick) throughout See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex and See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk . Among the larger half-timber houses built in the 15th and 16th centuries, mention may be made of Bramhall See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, near See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester; See also:

• SPEKE, HUGH (1656-c. 1724)
• SPEKE, JOHN HANNING (1827-1864)

Speke Hall, near See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool (see Plate III., fig .

1o); The Oaks; West Bromwich; and Moreton Old Hall, See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, one of the most elaborate of the series (see Plate HI., fig . II) . On the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, as at See also:

• BACHARACH
• BACHARACH, YAIR (1639-1702)

Bacharach and Rhense, and throughout Germany, half-timber houses of the most picturesque character are found in every town, large and small, those of See also:

• HILDESHEIM

Hildesheim (see Plate II., fig . 8) dating from the 15th and 16th centuries, and in some cases rising to a great height with four or five storeys, not including those in the lofty roofs . Houses in stone from the 12th to the 16th century are found in See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, See also:

• METZ

Metz, See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier, See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover and See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster in See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia, where again there are whole streets remaining; and in brick at See also:

• ROSTOCK

Rostock, See also:

• STRALSUND

Stralsund, See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, Greifswald and Dantzig, forming a very remarkable series of 15th and 16th-century See also:

• WORK

work . Of half-timber work in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy there are no examples, but sometimes (as at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna) the rooms of the upper floors are carried on arcades, and sometimes on corbels, as the casa dei Carracci in the same town . The principal feature of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian house is the courtyard in the rear, with arcades on one or more sides, the front in stone or brick, or both combined, being of the greatest simplicity (examples in See also:

• SAN

San Gimignano and See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa) . At See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo are small houses in stone, two of which have See also:

• EXTERNAL

external stone staircases of fine See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, and the few windows on the ground floc r suggest that the rooms there were used only for stores . Houses with external staircases, but without any architectural pretensions, are found throughout the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan provinces . The introduction of the purer Italian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style into England in the 17th century created a great See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in domestic architecture . Instead of the projecting wings and otherwise picturesque See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the earlier work the houses were made square or rectangular on plan, in two or three storeys, crowned with a See also:

• MODILLION (a French word, probably from Lat. modulus, a measure of proportion)

modillion See also:

• CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ital. cornice)

cornice carrying a roof of red tiles; the only embellishments of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main front were the projecting courses of stone on the quoins and architraves round the windows, and flat pilasters carrying a See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood or See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment flanking the entrance See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway . In the larger mansions more thought was bestowed on the introduction of porticoes (scarcely necessary in the English See also:

• CLIMATE

climate), with sometimes great flights of steps up to the principal floor, which was raised above a See also:

• BASEMENT

basement with See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and dark passages; a great See also:

• SALOON

saloon in the centre of the block, lighted from above, took the place of the great entrance hall of the Tudor period, and the rooms frequently led one out of the other, without an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent entrance door .

On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in the ordinary houses, the deficiency in external ornamertt was amply made up for by the comfort in the interior and the decoration of the staircase and other rooms . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century the square mullioned and transomed windows, with opening casements, gave way to See also:

• SASH

sash windows, introduced from See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and these with moulded and stout sash-bars gave a certain character to the outside of the houses, which are valued now for their quiet unpretentious character and excellent construction . In the closes of many English cathedrals, on the outskirts of London, and in some of the older squares, as Lincoln's See also:

• INN

Inn See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Square, are examples of this style of house . The substitution of thin sash-bars in the loth century, and their omission occasionally, in favour of plate-glass, deprived the house-front of one of its chief attractions; but the old English casements and oriels or See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow-windows have been again introduced, and a return has been made to the style which prevailed in the beginning of the 18th century, commonly known as that of Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne . Perhaps in one respect the greatest change which has been made in the English house is the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of " flats "; commenced some time in the 'fifties in See also:

• ASHLEY, WILLIAM JAMES (186o- )

Ashley Gardens, See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, they have spread throughout London . In consequence of the great value of the sites on which they are sometimes built, to which must be added the cost of the houses pulled down to make way for them, the question of expense in material and rich decoration has not always been See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth considering, so that frontages in stone, with the classic orders brought in with many varieties of design, have given the character of a palace to a structure in which none of the rooms exceeds the modest height of to ft . The increasing demand for these, however, shows that they meet, so far as their See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation and comfort are concerned, the wants and tastes of the upper and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes . In some of the London streets, where shops occupy the ground floor, a far finer type of house has been erected than that which could have been afforded for the shopkeeper's residence above, as in old times, so that London promises in time to become a city of palaces . The same change in the aspects of its streets has long been evident in Paris, but there is one feature in the latter city wh