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See also:HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word See also:common to See also:Teutonic See also:languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in See also:Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a See also:temple; it may be ultimately connected with the See also:root of " hide," conceal) , the dwelling-See also:place of a human being (treated, from the architectural point of view, below), or, in a transferred sense, of an See also:animal, particularly of one whose See also:abode, like that of the See also:beaver, is built by the animal Itself, or, like that of the See also:snail, resembles in some fancied way a human' dwelling . Apart from the numerous See also:compound uses of the word, denoting the purpose for which a See also:building is employed, such as See also:custom-See also:house, lighthouse, bakehouse, greenhouse and the like, there may be mentioned the particular applications to a chamber of a legislative See also:body, the Houses of See also:Parliament, House of Representatives, &c.; to the upper and See also:lower assemblies of See also:convocation; and to the colleges at a university; the heads of these See also:foundations, known particularly as See also:master, See also:principal, See also:president, See also:provost, See also:rector, &c., are collectively called heads of houses . At See also:English public See also:schools a " house " is the usual unit of the organization . In the " houses " the boys See also:sleep, have their " studies " and their meals, if the school is arranged on the " boarding-house " See also:system . The houses have their representative teams in the school See also:games, but have no place in the educational class-system of the school . It may be noticed that in See also:Scotland the words " house " and " See also:tenement " are used in a way distinct from the English use, " tenement " being applied to the large See also:block containing " houses," portions, i.e., occupied by See also:separate families . " The House " is the name colloquially given to such different institutions as the See also:London Stock See also:Exchange, the House of See also:Commons or Lords and to a workhouse . In the transferred sense, " house " is used of a See also:family, genealogically considered, and of the See also:audience at a public See also:meeting, or entertainment, especially of a See also:theatre . A " house-physician " and " house-surgeon " is a member of the See also:resident medical See also:staff of a See also:hospital . In See also:astrology the twelve divisions into which the heavens are divided, and through which the See also:planets pass, are known as houses, the first being called the " house of See also:life." The word " house," " See also:housing," used of the trappings of a See also:horse, especially of a covering for the back and flanks, attached to the See also:saddle, is of quite distinct origin . In See also:medieval Latin it appears as hucia, houssia and housia (see See also:Ducange, Glossarium, s.v. housia), and comes into English from the O . Fr. huche, See also:modern housse .
It has been supposed to have been adopted, at the See also:time of the See also:crusades, from the Arabic yushiah, a covering
.
Architecturally considered, the See also:term " house " is given to a building erected for habitation, in contradistinction to one built for See also:secular or ecclesiastical purposes
.
The term extends, there-fore, to a dwelling of any See also:size, from a single-See also:room building to one containing as many rooms as a See also:palace; thus in London some of the largest dwellings are those inhabited by See also:royalty, such as See also:Marlborough House, or others by men of See also:rank, such as See also:Devon-See also:shire House, See also:Bridgewater House, See also:Spencer House, &c.; and even those which, formerly built as habitations, have subsequently been devoted to other purposes, such as See also:Somerset House and See also:Burlington House, retain the term
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In See also:Paris the larger houses thus named would be called hotel
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So far as the See also:history of domestic See also:architecture is concerned, the earliest houses of which remains have been found are those of the See also:village of Kahun in See also:Egypt, which were built for the workmen employed in the building of the See also:pyramid at Illahun, and deserted on its completion
.
They varied in size from the habitations of the See also:chief inspectors to the single room of the See also:ordinary labourer, and were built in unburnt See also:brick with open courts in the larger examples, to give See also:light and See also:air to the rooms See also:round
.
The See also:models found in 1907 at See also:Deir-Rifa opposite See also:Assiut in Upper Egypt, by See also:Flinders See also:Petrie, and assumed by him to be those of " soul-houses," suggest that the See also:early type of building consisted of a hut, to which later a See also:porch or lean-to, with two poles in front, has been added; subsequently, columns replaced the poles, and a See also:flat roof with See also:parapet, suggesting the See also:primitive forms of the See also:Egyptian See also:temple
.
The only remains of early houses found in See also:Mesopotamia are those within the precincts of the Temple of See also:Bel, at See also:Nippur, occupied by the See also: Other rooms round the court were the See also:triclinium, or dining room, and cubicula or bedchambers . The largest of these houses occupied an area measuring 75 X30 ft . Those found in Delos, though fewer in number, are of much greater importance, the house in the See also:street of the theatre having twelve rooms exclusive of the entrance passage and the great central court, surrounded on all four sides by a See also:peristyle; in this house the oecus measured 26X18 ft . In a second example the prostas consisted of a See also:long See also:gallery, the whole width of the site, which was lighted by windows at each end, the sills of which were raised & ft. or 9 ft. from the See also:floor . The remains of the houses found in the See also:Peiraeus are of the same See also:simple plan as those at Priene, and suggest that the Greek house was considered to be the private See also:residence only for the members of the family, and without any See also:provision for entertaining guests as in See also:Rome and See also:Pompeii . From the descriptions given by Vitruvius (ii . 8) it may be gathered that in his time many of the houses in Rome were built in unburnt brick, the walls of which, if properly protected at the See also:top with a course of burnt brick projecting over the See also:face of the See also:brickwork, and coated inside and outside with See also:stucco, were considered to be more lasting than those built in soft stone . Vitruvius refers also to Greek houses thus built, and states that in the house of See also:Mausolus, at See also:Halicarnassus, the walls were of unburnt brick, and the plastering with which they were covered was so polished that Parsonage House at See also:Market Deeping, See also:Lincolnshire . The principal examples of the domestic architecture of this early period in the See also:country are castles, See also:manor houses and See also:farm buildings, as See also:town houses occupied sites too valuable to be See also:left untouched; this, however, is not the See also:case in See also:France, and particularly in the south, where streets of early houses are still to be found in See also:good built in See also:rubble See also:masonry with See also:clay See also:mortar, and their walls were preservation, such as those at See also:Cluny (fig . 1) and See also:Cordes (See also:Tarn), protected at the top by burnt brick courses and their faces with j and others at Montferrand, See also:Cahors, See also:Figeac, See also:Angers, See also:Provins, stucco; they were, however, of a second- or third-See also:rate class See also:Sarlat (fig . 2), St Emilion, Perigueux, See also:Soissons and See also:Beauvais, :ompared with those in Rome, the magnificence of which is 1 dating from the 12th to the 14th centuries . One of the most attested in the descriptions given by various writers and sub- remarkable examples is the Musician's House at See also:Reims (see stantiated by the remains occasionally found in excavations .
See also:Plate I., fig
.
4), with large windows on the first floor, between Vitruvius refers to upper storeys, which were necessary in
consequence of the limited area in Rome, and representations in See also:mosaic floors and in bas-See also:relief See also:sculpture have been found on which two or three storeys are indicated
.
The plans of many See also:Roman houses are shown on the See also:Marble Plan, and they resemble those of Pompeii, but it is probable that the principal reception rooms were on an upper storey, long since destroyed
.
The house of Livia on the See also:Palatine See also: The end walls were closed with wooden studs and wattle-and-dab filling . The pairs of trees were known as forks or crucks . Vitruvius (ii . 1) suggests a similar See also:kind of building in See also:ancient times, except that the interlaced twigs were covered with clay, so as to carry off the See also:rain . In See also:Yorkshire there was another type of house, known as a coit, which was a dwelling-house and See also:barn (shippon) See also:united; the latter contained the cow-stalls with See also:loft above, and the former was in two storeys, with a See also:ladder inside the room leading to the upper floor' Passing now to structures of a less ephemeral character, the earliest houses of which there still remain substantial See also:relics are those built in stone (see MANOR HousE) . The See also:Jew's House at See also:Lincoln, 12th century, is one of the best-known examples, and still preserves its street front in stone, with rich entrance door-way and first-floor windows See also:lighting the principal room, which seems invariably in those early houses to have been on the first floor, the ground floor being used for service and stores (see Plate I. fig . 5) . To the 13th century belongs the old Rectory House at See also:West See also:Dean, See also:Sussex, and to the 14th century the I A See also:complete description of these houses will be found in The See also:Evolution of the English House, by S . O . Addy . they sparkled like See also:glass . In Rome, however, he points out, such walls ought to be forbidden, as they are not See also:fit to carry an upper storey, unless they are of great thickness, and as upper storeys become necessary in a crowded See also:city such walls would occupy too much space .
The houses in Pompeii (q.v.) were
which are niches with life-size figures of musicians seated in them
.
Generally speaking, the ground storeys of these houses, which in many cases were occupied by shops, have been trans-formed, but occasionally the old See also:shop fronts remain, as in See also:Dinan, See also:Morlaix and other old towns in See also:Brittany
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Houses of the first See also:Renaissance of great beauty exist in See also: 1o); The Oaks; West Bromwich; and Moreton Old Hall, See also:Cheshire, one of the most elaborate of the series (see Plate HI., fig . II) . On the See also:borders of the See also:Rhine, as at See also:Bacharach and Rhense, and throughout Germany, half-timber houses of the most picturesque character are found in every town, large and small, those of See also:Hildesheim (see Plate II., fig . 8) dating from the 15th and 16th centuries, and in some cases rising to a great height with four or five storeys, not including those in the lofty roofs . Houses in stone from the 12th to the 16th century are found in See also:Cologne, See also:Metz, See also:Trier, See also:Hanover and See also:Munster in See also:Westphalia, where again there are whole streets remaining; and in brick at See also:Rostock, See also:Stralsund, See also:Lubeck, Greifswald and Dantzig, forming a very remarkable series of 15th and 16th-century See also:work . Of half-timber work in See also:Italy there are no examples, but sometimes (as at See also:Bologna) the rooms of the upper floors are carried on arcades, and sometimes on corbels, as the casa dei Carracci in the same town . The principal feature of the See also:Italian house is the courtyard in the rear, with arcades on one or more sides, the front in stone or brick, or both combined, being of the greatest simplicity (examples in See also:San Gimignano and See also:Pisa) . At See also:Viterbo are small houses in stone, two of which have See also:external stone staircases of fine See also:design, and the few windows on the ground floc r suggest that the rooms there were used only for stores . Houses with external staircases, but without any architectural pretensions, are found throughout the See also:Balkan provinces . The introduction of the purer Italian See also:style into England in the 17th century created a great See also:change in domestic architecture . Instead of the projecting wings and otherwise picturesque See also:contour of the earlier work the houses were made square or rectangular on plan, in two or three storeys, crowned with a See also:modillion See also:cornice carrying a roof of red tiles; the only embellishments of the See also:main front were the projecting courses of stone on the quoins and architraves round the windows, and flat pilasters carrying a See also:hood or See also:pediment flanking the entrance See also:doorway . In the larger mansions more thought was bestowed on the introduction of porticoes (scarcely necessary in the English See also:climate), with sometimes great flights of steps up to the principal floor, which was raised above a See also:basement with See also:cold and dark passages; a great See also:saloon in the centre of the block, lighted from above, took the place of the great entrance hall of the Tudor period, and the rooms frequently led one out of the other, without an See also:independent entrance door .
On the other See also:hand, in the ordinary houses, the deficiency in external ornamertt was amply made up for by the comfort in the interior and the decoration of the staircase and other rooms
.
Towards the See also:close of the century the square mullioned and transomed windows, with opening casements, gave way to See also:sash windows, introduced from See also: |