Online Encyclopedia

ancient ancestry or illustrious origin for the Howards, although the facts contained in them were recklessly manipulated by subservient genealogists . Doubtless the See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge was the son of See also:

John Howard of Wiggenhall, living about 126o, whose widow See also:

LUCY, RICHARD DE (d. 1179)

Lucy, called by the genealogists the daughter of John Germund, was probably the wife of John Germund by her second See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage . William Howard was employed as counsel by the See also:

CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of Lynn, and it is worthy of See also:

note that the " crosslets fitchy " in his See also:

shield of arms suggest the See also:

CROSS

cross with which the See also:

DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon was discomfited by St See also:

Margaret, the patroness of Lynn . Prospering by the See also:

law, William Howard of Wiggenhall See also:

rose to See also:

knight's See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and acquired by See also:

PURCHASE

purchase Grancourt's See also:

MANOR

manor in See also:

East Winch, near Lynn, where he had his seat in a moated house whose ruins remain . He was probably dead and buried in his See also:

CHAPEL

chapel at East Winch before See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 27, 1308, the date of the patent by which See also:

Henry See also:

Scrope succeeded him as a See also:

COMMISSIONER

commissioner of trailbaston . His two wives, Alice Ufford and Alice See also:

Fitton—heir of Fitton's manor in Wiggenhall—were both daughters of knightly houses .

Before his See also:

DEATH

death his eldest son, John Howard, was a knight and already advanced by his marriage with See also:

JOAN

Joan of See also:

CORNWALL

Cornwall, one of the See also:

BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard See also:

LINE

line founded by See also:

Richard of Cornwall, See also:

king of the See also:

Romans . See also:

Sir John Howard served in See also:

EDWARD

Edward II.'s See also:

WARS

wars in See also:

Scotland and See also:

GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony, was See also:

SHERIFF

sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk and See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

Norwich See also:

Castle . When he died in 1331 he was seised of many Norfolk manors . His son and heir, another Sir John, See also:

ADMIRAL

admiral of the king's See also:

NAVY

navy in the See also:

north, was a See also:

BANNERET (Fr. banneret, from bannicre, banner, elliptical for seigneur or chevalier banneret, Med. Lat. banncretus)

banneret who displayed his banner in the See also:

army that laid See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to See also:

CALAIS

Calais . By the admiral's wife Alice, See also:

SISTER

sister and heir of Sir See also:

Robert de Boys, the Howards had the Boys manor of Fersfield, near See also:

DISS

Diss, which is still among the possessions of the dukes of Norfolk . His son Sir Robert Howard, who had married a daughter of Sir Robert Scales (Lord Scales), died in 1388 . From Sir John Howard, the only son of Sir Robert, two branches of the house of Howard See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The See also:

elder line was soon See also:

EXTINCT

extinct . By his first wife, Margaret, daughter and heir of Sir John Plays, Sir John Howard had a son who died before him, leaving a daughter through whom descended to her issue, the Veres, earls of See also:

Oxford, the ancient Norfolk estates of the Howards at East Winch and elsewhere, with the lands of the houses of Scales, Plays and See also:

Walton, brought in by the brides of her fore-fathers . After the death of Margaret Plays, her widower found, with the See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

INSTINCT

instinct of his See also:

RACE

race, a second well-endowed wife . By her, the heir of the Tendrings of Tendring, he had a second son, Sir Robert Howard, a knight who fought under Henry V. in See also:

France, and died, like his See also:

HALF

half-See also:

BROTHER

brother, before the old knight's career ended in 1436 . It is to the marriage of this See also:

young knight that the house of Howard owes the tragedy of its greatness .

He was a younger son, although he had some of his See also:

MOTHER

mother's See also:

INHERITANCE

inheritance . Had he married the landless daughter of a See also:

NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour he might have been the ancestor of a line of See also:

Essex squires, whose careers would have had the See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish topographer for chronicler . But his See also:

BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride was Margaret See also:

Mowbray, daughter of the banished duke of Norfolk . Although this was a See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance, it is probable that the See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady had no See also:

GREAT

great portion . The head of her elder brother, the boy earl marshal, had been stricken off in the cornfield under the walls of See also:

York, but her younger brother's right to his See also:

FATHER

father's dukedom was allowed by parliament in 1425 . Sir John Howard, only son of the match between Howard and Mowbray, took service with his See also:

cousin the third duke of Norfolk, who had him returned as knight of the See also:

SHIRE

shire for Norfolk, where, according to the Paston Letters, this Howard of the Essex See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch was regarded by the gentry as a See also:

STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange man . He followed the See also:

White Rose and was knighted at the crowning of King Edward IV., who pricked him for sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk . In the duke's See also:

QUARREL

quarrel he brawled with the Pastons, his wife boasting that, should her See also:

HUSBAND

husband's men meet with John Paston " there should go no See also:

penny for his See also:

LIFE

life." " And Howard," writes See also:

Clement Paston, " See also:

bath with the king a great fellowship." Offices and lands came to John Howard by See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of that fellowship . Henry VI., when restored, summoned him to parliament in 1470 as Lord Howard, a See also:

SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons which may have been meant to lure him to See also:

LONDON

London into See also:

Warwick's See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but he proclaimed the Yorkist See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign on his return and fought at See also:

BARNET

Barnet and See also:

TEWKESBURY

Tewkesbury . When See also:

peace was made, Edward summoned him again as a See also:

baron and gave him the Garter and the treasurership of his See also:

HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household . After Edward's See also:

BURIAL

burial, at which he See also:

BORE

bore the king's banner, Howard, an enemy of the Wydviles, linked his fortunes with those of the duke of See also:

Gloucester . At this See also:

time came his sudden lifting to the highest rank in the peerage .

The last of the dukes of Norfolk had See also:

LEFT

left a See also:

child heir, See also:

Anne Mowbray, married to the See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant duke of York, the younger of the princes doomed by Richard in the See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower . By the death of this little girl, John Howard became one of the coheirs of her illustrious house, which was now represented by the issue of Margaret Mowbray, his mother, and of her sister See also:

ISABEL

Isabel, who had married See also:

James, Lord See also:

Berkeley . A See also:

lion's See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the Mowbray estates, swollen by the great alliances of the house, heir of Breouse and See also:

SEGRAVE

Segrave, and, through Segrave, of Thomas of Brotherton, son of Edward I., See also:

fell to Howard, who, by a patent of See also:

JUNE

June 28, 1483, was created duke of Norfolk and earl marshal of England with a See also:

REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder to the heirs male of his See also:

BODY

body . On the same See also:

day the lord Berkeley, the other coheir, was made earl of See also:

Nottingham . High steward at Richard's crowning, the duke bore the See also:

CROWN

crown and rode as marshal into See also:

Westminster See also:

Hall . For the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life he was Richard's man, and though warned by the famous See also:

COUPLET

couplet that " Dykon his See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master " was bought and sold, " See also:

JACK

Jack of Norfolk " led the See also:

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

archer vanguard at See also:

BOSWORTH, JOSEPH (1789–1876)

Bosworth and died in the fight, from which his son the earl of See also:

Surrey was carried away a wounded prisoner . An See also:

ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

attainder by the first parliament of Henry VII. extinguished the honours of the father with those of the son, who had been created an earl when the lord Howard was raised to the dukedom . Their estates were forfeit . Thomas Howard, a politic mind, loyal to the See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers that be, was released from the Tower of London in 148g, his earldom of Surrey and his Garter restored . Accepting the position in which the Tudor king would have his great nobles, he became the faithful soldier, diplomatist and See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official of the new power . In his seventieth See also:

YEAR

year, as See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

general of the North, he led the English See also:

HOST

host on the great day of See also:

FLODDEN, or FLODDEN FIELD

Flodden, earning a patent of the dukedom of Norfolk, dated r See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1513/4, and that strange patent which granted to him and his heirs that they should See also:

bear in the midst of the See also:

SILVER

silver See also:

BEND

bend of their Howard shield a demi-lion stricken in the mouth with an arrow, in the right See also:

COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of the arms of the king of Scotland . This See also:

AUGMENTATION

augmentation has been interpreted as a See also:

GOLDEN

golden scocheon with the demi-lion within the Scottish tressure .

Thus charged on the silver bend, it makes See also:

BAD, BCD

bad armory and it is worthy of note that, although the See also:

grant of it is clearly to the duke and his heirs in See also:

fee See also:

SIMPLE

simple, Howards of all branches descending from the duke bear it in their See also:

SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields, even though all right to it has long passed from the house to the duke's heirs general, the Stourtons and` Petres . The See also:

victor of Flodden is the common ancestor of all living Howards that can show a descent from the See also:

main stock . The second duke, twice married, was father of at least eleven sons and six daughters, the sons including Edward the lord high admiral, killed in boarding Pregent's galleys at See also:

BREST

Brest, See also:

Edmund the knight marshal of the army at Flodden, and William the first Lord Howard of Effingham . The eldest son, Thomas, succeeded as the third duke of his name, although the second under the patent of 1514 . He had fought as See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the vanguard at Flodden and after the victory was created earl of Surrey . When Richard III. was allying himself with the Howards, Thomas Howard, a boy of eleven, had been betrothed to Anne, daughter of the See also:

LATE

late King Edward IV., and Henry VII. allowed the marriage with his See also:

queen's sister to take place in 1495 . This royal bride died of See also:

CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, leaving no living child, and her husband took in 1513, as his second wife, See also:

Elizabeth See also:

Stafford, daughter of that duke of See also:

Buckingham upon whom the old duke of Norfolk, the tears upon his cheeks, was forced to pass See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of death . Succeeding his father in 1524, Norfolk was created earl marshal in 1533 . An unsuccessful diplomatist, his See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief services in arms were the butchery in the north after the See also:

PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage of See also:

Grace and the See also:

RAID

raid into Scotland which ended with the rout of Solway See also:

MOSS

Moss . He left his wife for a See also:

MISTRESS

mistress, Elizabeth See also:

Holland, was in discord with his family, and lived to see his two nieces, Anne See also:

BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn and See also:

Catherine Howard, and his son Surrey, the fiery-tempered poet, go in turn to the See also:

block . He himself was attainted and was lying a prisoner in the Tower, doomed to See also:

die in the See also:

MORNING

morning, on the See also:

NIGHT

night of the death of Henry VIII . He was not released until the See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

Mary, parliament restoring his dukedom on his See also:

PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition for reversal of the attainder .

His See also:

GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Thomas succeeded him in 1554, and in 1556 made the second of those marraiges which have given the Howards their high place among the English See also:

NOBILITY

nobility . The bride was Mary, See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole heir in her issue of her father Henry, the last of the Fitzalan earls of Arundel . Her father's line and the royal Stewards of Scotland sprang from one forefather, Alan, son of Flaald the See also:

Breton . The Mowbray match had already brought to the Howards the See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation of an elder line of the Fitzalan earls, who sat in the seats of their ancestors, the Aubignys and Warennes, great earls near akin to their sovereigns . And now the younger line, earls of Arundel and Lords Mautravers, were also to have a Howard to represent them . From this time the spreading See also:

GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy of the Howards See also:

drew its origins from most of the illustrious names of the houses founded after the Norman See also:

CONQUEST

Conquest . The young duchess died in her seventeenth year after giving See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to a son, and the duke took a second wife from a humble stock, newly enriched and honoured, the daughter of Henry VIII.'s subservient See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, the Lord See also:

Audley of See also:

WALDEN, ROGER (d. 1406)

Walden . Within ten years he married a third time, the lady being Elizabeth Leybourne, the widow of Lord Dacre of Gilsland . She survived her marriage but a few months and her husband then obtained the wardship of her Dacre offspring, a son who died young, and three daughters whom the duke, with the true Howard See also:

eye for a See also:

rich inheritance, gave as brides to three of his sons . After three such See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good fortunes by marriage Norfolk in his folly looked for a crown with a See also:

FOURTH

fourth match, listening to the See also:

LAIRD, MACGREGOR (18o8—1861)

laird of Lethington when he set forth the See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme by which the duke was to marry a restored queen of Scots and See also:

RULE

rule Scotland with her who should be recognized as Elizabeth's successor . Ten months in the Tower under strong suspicion would have warned another man, but Norfolk was unstable and false . After promising fidelity and the See also:

ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of the Scots marriage scheme, See also:

CECIL

Cecil took him corresponding with Mary and tampering with the See also:

RIDOLFI, or RIDOLFO, ROBERTO DI (1531-1612)

Ridolfi See also:

plot .

He died on Tower See also:

Hill in 1572 for an example to the disloyal counties, protesting innocence and repentance, warning his See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in a last See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to discredit all " false bruits " that he was a papist . By his attainder the Norfolk titles were once more forfeited . But See also:

Philip Howard, the son and heir, succeeded to the ancient earldom of Arundel in 1580. on the death of his maternal See also:

GRAND

grand-father, while the Lord Lumley, his See also:

UNCLE

uncle by marriage, surrendered to him his life See also:

INTEREST

interest in the castle and 'See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Arundel . The next year an See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of parliament restored the earl in See also:

BLOOD

blood . After a profligate youth at See also:

court, he followed his wife in professing the See also:

ROMAN

Roman faith, and in 1585 made an See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to leave England to seek safety from the penal See also:

LAWS

laws . But his See also:

SHIP

ship was boarded in the Channel and the earl, condemned by the See also:

STAR

Star-Chamber to a heavy See also:

FINE

fine and to imprisonment during the queen's See also:

PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, suffered a harsh captivity in the Tower . After the defeat of the See also:

ARMADA, THE

Armada he had been condemned to death on acharge of high See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, founded on the See also:

TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale See also:

DRAWN

drawn by See also:

TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture from a See also:

PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, that Arundel had urged him to say a See also:

mass for the success of the Spaniards . But he was allowed to linger in his See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison until 1595 when he died, the sight of his wife and children being cruelly refused to the dying man . Thus it befell that, of the chiefs of the Howards See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born since the great Mowbray alliance, two had died by the See also:

AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe and one in the prison from which a fourth had hardly escaped . A fifth had fallen in a lost See also:

BATTLE

battle, and only one had died in peace in his own house . The See also:

ill See also:

FATE

fate of the Howards seemed to be appeased by the death of Philip, earl of Arundel . Tudor policy did its See also:

WORK

work well, and noblemen, however illustrious their pedigrees, could no longer be counted as menaces by the Crown, which was, indeed, finding another See also:

RIVAL

rival to its power .

In the first year of James I., Thomas, the young son of Earl Philip, was restored in blood and given the titles of Arundel and Surrey . But the lands belonging to these titles remained with the Crown and he had to repair his fortunes by, one of those marriages which never failed his house, his wife being Alathea See also:

Talbot, who was at last the heir of See also:

Gilbert, earl of See also:

Shrewsbury . To the grief of his mother he left the Roman See also:

church . A knight of the Garter, he was in 1621 created earl marshal for life, and revived the See also:

jurisdiction belonging to the See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . An act of 1627, one of several such aimed at aggrandizing families by diverting the descent of dignities in fee from heirs general, entailed the earldom and castle of Arundel upon Thomas, earl of Arundel and Surrey and the heirs male of his body " and for See also:

DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of such issue, to the heirs of his body." His See also:

PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and austerity made him unpopular at court and he left the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in 1642, settling at last in See also:

PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, where he died in 1646, impoverished by the sequestrations of the parliament, whose forces had taken and retaken his castle of Arundel . In See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to his petition for the dukedom, the king had, on the 6th of June 1644, given him a patent of the earldom of Norfolk, in See also:

order, as it would seem, to flatter him by suggesting that the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Norfolk would at least be refused fo any other family . He is celebrated as a See also:

COLLECTOR

collector of paintings, books, gems and sculptures, his " Arundel See also:

MARBLES

marbles " being given by his grandson in 1667 to the University of Oxford . The dukedom for which Arundel had petitioned See also:

Charles I. in vain was restored by act of the first parliament of Charles II. to his grandson Thomas, a lunatic living at Padua, on whose death in 1677 it passed to this Thomas's brother, Henry See also: