See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• SIR WILLIAM HUGGINS (1824-1910)

HUGGINS (1824-1910)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English astronomer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 7th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1824, and was educated first at the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of London School and then under various private teachers . Having determined to apply himself to the study of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, he built in 1856 a private See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory at Tulse See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of London . At first he occupied himself with See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary routine See also:

• WORK

work, but being far from satisfied with the See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope which this afforded, he seized eagerly upon the opportunity for novel See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, offered by See also:

• KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT (1824-1887)
• KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF (1826-1908)

Kirchhoff's discoveries in spectrum See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis . The chemical constitution of the stars was the problem to which he turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and his first results, obtained in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor W . A . See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller, were presented to the Royal Society in 1863, in a preliminary See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on the " Lines of some of the fixed stars." His experiments, in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, on the photographic See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of stellar spectra, marked an innovation of a momentous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . But the wet See also:

• COLLODION (from the Gr. &M a' , glue)

collodion See also:

• PROCESS

process was then the only one available, and its inconveniences were such as to preclude its extensive employment; the real triumphs of photographic astronomy began in 1875 with See also:

• HUGGINS, SIR WILLIAM (1824-1910)

Huggins's See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption and See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the gelatine dry See also:

• PLATE

plate . This enabled the observer to make exposures of any desired length, and, through the cumulative See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• LIGHT

light on extremely sensitive surfaces, to obtain permanent accurate pictures of See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial See also:

• OBJECTS

objects so faint as to be completely invisible to the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, even when aided by the most powerful telescopes . In the last See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• SPECTROSCOPY (from Lat. spectrum, an appearance, and Gr. a-sore y, to see)

spectroscopy and See also:

• PHOTOGRAPHY (Gr. bias, light, and ypa w, to write)
• PHOTOGRAPHY, CELESTIAL

photography together worked a revolution in observational astronomy, and in both branches Huggins acted as See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer . Many results of See also:

• GREAT

great importance are associated with his name . Thus in 1 864 the spectroscope yielded him See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that planetary and irregular nebulae consist of luminous See also:

• GAS

gas—a conclusion tending to support the nebular See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of the origin of stars and See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets by condensation from glowing masses of fluid material . On the 18th of May 1866 he made the first spectroscopic examination of a temporary See also:

• STAR

star (Nova Coronae), and found it to be enveloped in blazing See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen .

In 1868 he proved incandescent See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon-vapours to be the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main source of cometary light; and on the 23rd of See also:

• APRIL

April in the same year applied Doppler's principle to the detection and measurement of stellar velocities in the See also:

• LINE

line of sight . Data of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, which are by other means inaccessible to the astronomer, are obviously indispensable to- any adequate conception of the stellar See also:

• SYSTEM

system as a whole or in its parts . In See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar physics Huggins suggested a spectroscopic method for viewing the red prominences in daylight; and his experiments went far towards settling a much-disputed question regarding the solar See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium . In the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general solar spectrum this See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is represented by a large number of lines, but in the spectrum of the prominences and See also:

• CHROMOSPHERE (from Gr. xpwµa, colour, and vqSaipa, a sphere)

chromosphere one pair only can be detected . This circumstance appeared so anomalous that some astronomers doubted whether the surviving lines were really due to calcium; but See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Huggins (nee See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• LINDSAY

Lindsay See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, who, after their See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1875, actively assisted her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband) successfully demonstrated in the laboratory that :alcium vapour, if at a sufficiently See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low pressure, gives under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the electric See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge precisely these lines and no others . The striking See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was, in 1903, made by the same investigators that the spontaneous luminosity of See also:

• RADIUM (from Lat. radius, ray)

radium gives a spectrum of a kind never before obtained without the aid of powerful excitation, See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical or thermal . It consists, that is to say, in a range of See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright lines, the agreement of which with the negative See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole bands of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen, together with details of See also:

• INTEREST

interest connected with its mode of See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, was ascertained by a continuance of the research . Sir William Huggins, who was made K.C.B. in 1897, received the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of Merit in 1902, and was awarded many honours, See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic and other . He presided over the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association in 1891, and during the five years 1900–1905 acted as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Royal Society, from which he at different times received a Royal, a See also:

• COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON (1737—1815)

Copley and a See also:

• RUMFORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT (1753-1814)

Rumford See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal . Four of his presidential addresses were republished in 1906, in an illustrated See also:

• VOLUME

volume entitled The Royal Society . A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his scientific papers is contained in See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter ii. of the magnificent See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra, published in 1899, by Sir William and Lady Huggins conjointly, for which they were adjudged the Actonian See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of the Royal Institution . Sir William Huggins died on the 12th of May 1910 .

See ch. i. of Atlas of Stellar Spectra, containing a See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Tulse Hill observatory; Sir W . Huggins's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal retrospect in the Nineteenth Century for See also:

• JUNE

June 1897; " Scientific Worthies," with photogravure portrait (Nature); Astronomers of To-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day, by See also:

• HECTOR

Hector See also:

• MACPHERSON, JAMES (1736–1796)
• MACPHERSON, SIR DAVID LEWIS (1818–1896)

Macpherson, junr . (1905) (portrait); See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

Month . Notices See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . Astr . Society, See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 146 (C . See also:

• PRITCHARD, CHARLES (1808–1893)
• PRITCHARD, HANNAH (1711-1768)

Pritchard) . (A . M .