See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

DAVID See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD See also:

• DAVID EDWARD HUGHES (1831-1900)
• HUGHES, HUGH PRICE (1847-19o2)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1797-1864)
• HUGHES, SIR EDWARD (c. 1720-1794)
• HUGHES, THOMAS
• HUGHES, THOMAS (1822-1896)

HUGHES (1831-1900)  , Anglo-See also:

• AMERICAN

American electrician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 16th of May 1831 in See also:

• LONDON

London, but the earlier See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• LIFE

life was spent in See also:

• AMERICA

America, whither his parents emigrated when he was about seven years old . In 185o he became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MUSIC

music at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Bardstown, See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, and soon afterwards his attainments in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science procured his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as teacher of natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at the same See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . His professorial career, however, was brief, for in 1854 he removed to See also:

• LOUISVILLE

Louisville to supervise the manufacture of the type-See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument which he had been thinking out for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and which was destined to make both his name and his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . The patent for this See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine was taken out in the See also:

• UNITED

United States in 1855, and its success was immediate . After seeing it well established on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, See also:

• HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD (1831-1900)
• HUGHES, HUGH PRICE (1847-19o2)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1797-1864)
• HUGHES, SIR EDWARD (c. 1720-1794)
• HUGHES, THOMAS
• HUGHES, THOMAS (1822-1896)

Hughes in 1857 brought it over to his native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, where, however, the telegraph companies did not receive it with any favour . Two or three years afterwards he introduced it to the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government, who, after submitting it to severe tests, ultimately adopted it, and in the succeeding ten years it came into extensive use all over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, gaining for its inventor numerous honours and prizes . In the development of telephony also Hughes had an important See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share, and the See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone has attained its See also:

• PRESENT

present perfection largely as a result of his investigations . The See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon transmitters which in various forms are in almost universal use are modifications of a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• DEVICE

device which he called a microphone, and which consists essentially of two pieces of carbon, in loose contact one with the other . The arrangement constitutes a variable See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical resistance of the most delicate See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; if it is included in an electric See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit with a See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery and subjected to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of sonorous vibrations, its resistance varies in such a way as to produce an undulatory current which affords an exact See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound waves as to height, length and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . These results were published in 1878, but Hughes did much more See also:

• WORK

work on the properties of such microphonic See also:

• JOINTS

joints, of which he said nothing till many years afterwards . When towards the end of 1879 he found that they were also sensitive to " sudden electric impulses, whether given out to the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere through the extra current from a coil or from a frictional machine," he in fact discovered the phenomena on which depends the See also:

• ACTION

action of the so-called " coherers " used in wireless telegraphy . But he went further and practised wireless telegraphy himself, surmising, moreover, that the agency he was employing consisted of true electric waves .

Setting some source of the " sudden electric impulses " referred to above into operation in his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, he walked along the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street carrying a telephone in circuit with a small battery and one of these microphonic joints, and found that the sounds remained audible in the telephone until he had traversed a distance of 500 yards . This experiment he showed to several See also:

• ENGLISH

English men of science, among others to See also:

• SIR

Sir G . G . See also:

• STOKES, SIR G
• STOKES, SIR GEORGE GABRIEL, BART
• STOKES, WHITLEY (1830-1909)

Stokes, to whom he broached the theory that the results were due to electric waves . That physicist, however, was not disposed to accept this explanation, considering that a sufficient one could be found in well-known electromagnetic See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction effects, and Hughes was so discouraged at that high authority taking this view of the See also:

• MATTER

matter that he resolved to publish no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his inquiry until further experiments had enabled him to prove the correctness of his own theory . These experiments were still in progress when H.R.See also:

• HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF (1857-1894)
• HERTZ, HENRIK (1797–1870)

Hertz settled the question by his researches on electric waves in 1887-1889 . Hughes, who is also known for his invention of the induction See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance and for his contributions to the theory of See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism, died in London on the 22nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January Igoe . As an investigator he was remarkable for the simplicity of the apparatus which served his purposes, domestic articles like jam-pots, pins, &c., forming a large part of the equipment of•his laboratory . His manner of life, too, was simple and frugal in the extreme . He amassed a large fortune, which, with the exception of some bequests to the Royal Society, the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences, the Institution of Electrical See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers, and the Paris Societe Internationale See also:

• DES

des Electriciens, for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of scholarships and prizes in physical science, was See also:

• LEFT

left to four London hospitals, subject only to certain life annuities .