HUGUENOTS  , the name given from about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century to the Protestants of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It was formerly explained as coming from the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Eidgenossen, the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design"ae tion of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when they were admitted to the Swiss See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation . This explanation is now abandoned . The words Huguenot, Huguenote are old See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French words, See also:

• COMMON

common in 14th and 15th-century charters . As the Protestants called the Catholics papistes, so the Catholics called the Protestants huguenots . See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• ESTIENNE (or ETIENNE; the French form of the name; anglicized to Stephens, and latinized to Stephanus)

Estienne, one of the See also:

• GREAT

great savants of his time, in the introduction to his Apelogie d'Herodote (1566) gives a very clear explanation of the See also:

• TERM

term huguenots . The Protestants at See also:

• TOURS

Tours, he says, used to assemble by See also:

• NIGHT

night near the See also:

• GATE

gate of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo, whom the people regarded as a spirit . A See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, therefore, in a See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon declared that the See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans ought to be called Huguenots as kinsmen of King Hugo, inasmuch as they would only go out at night as he did . This See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname became popular from 156o onwards, and for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time the French Protestants were always known by it . France could not stand outside the religious See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the 16th century . It is true that the French reform movement has often been regarded as an offshoot of Lutheranism; up to the middle of the century its adherents were known as Lutherans . But it should not be forgotten that so See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1512 Jacobus See also:

• FABER
• FABER (or LEFEVRE), JOHANN (1478-1541)
• FABER, BASIL (1520-c. 1576)
• FABER, FABRI
• FABER, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1863)

Faber (q.v.) of Etapies published his Santi See also:

• PAULI, REINHOLD (1823-1882)

Pauli Epistolae xiv .

... cum commentaries, which enunciates the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of reform, See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification by faith, and that in 1523 appeared his French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the New Testament . The first Protestants were those who set the teachings of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel against the doctrines of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . As early as 1525 Jacques Pavannes, the See also:

• HERMIT

hermit of Livey, and shortly afterwards See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis de Berquin, the first martyrs, were burned at the stake . But no persecution could stop the Reform movement, and on the walls of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and even at See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise, on the very See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I.'s bedroom, there were found placards condemning the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass (1534) . On the 29th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1 535 an See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict was published ordering the extermination of the heretics . From this edict See also:

• DATES

dates the See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration of French Protestants, an emigration which did not cease till the middle of the 18th century . Three years later (1538) at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg the first French See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Church, composed of 1500 refugees, was founded . Of all these exiles the most famous was See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin (q.v.), the future See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the movement, who fled to See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, where he is said to have written the famous Instilutio christianae religionis, preceded by a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Francis I. in which he pleaded the cause of the reformers . The first Protestant community in France was that of See also:

• MEAUX

Meaux (1546) organized on the lines of the church at Strassburg of which Calvin was pastor . The See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Florimond de Remond paid it the beautiful See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute of saying that it seemed as though " la chretiente fut See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue en elle a sa See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive innocence." Persecution, however, became more rigorous . The Vaudois of Cabrieres and Merindol had in 1545 been massacred by the orders of See also:

• JEAN

Jean de Maynier, See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron d'Oppede, See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence, and at Paris was created a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court in the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement. for the suppression of heretics, a court which became famous in See also:

• HISTORY

history as the Chambre ardente (1J44) . In spite of persecution the churches became more numerous; the church at Paris was founded in 1556 .

They realized the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of uniting in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of their rights and their See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, and in 1558 at See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers it was decided that all the Protestant churches in France should formulate by common See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord a See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of faith and an ecclesiastical discipline . The church at Paris was commissioned to summon the first See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod, which in spite of the danger of persecution met on the 25th of May 1J59 . The Synod of Paris derived its See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration from the constitution introduced by Calvin at Geneva, which has since become the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for all the presbyterian churches . Ecclesiastical authority resides ultimately in the people, for the faithful select the elders who are charged with the general supervision of the church and the choice of pastors . The churches are See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units, and there can be no question of superiority among them; at the same time they have common interests and their unity must be maintained by an authority which is capable of protecting them . The association of several neighbouring churches forms a See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council tcolloquc) . Over these stands the provincial synod, on which each church is equally represented by See also:

• LAY

lay delegates and pastors . Supreme authority resides in the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Synod composed of representatives, lay and ecclesiastic, elected by the provincial synods . The democratic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of this constitution of elders and synods is particularly remarkable in view of the early date at which it began to flourish . The striking individuality of the Huguenot character cannot be fully realized without a clear understanding of this powerful organization which contrived to reconcile individual liberty with a central authority . The synod of 155o was the beginning of a remarkable increase x111 . 28in the Reform movement; at that synod fifteen churches were represented, two years later, in 1561, the number increased to 2150 .

The parlements were powerless before this increase; thousands See also:

• LEFT

left the Catholic Church, and when it was seen that See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution and popular See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre provided no See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the difficulty the struggle was carried into the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena of national politics . On the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the reformers were ranged some among the noblest Frenchmen of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny, La None, Duplessis See also:

• MORNAY, PHILIPPE DE (1549-1623)

Mornay, Jean See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin, See also:

• RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

Ramus, See also:

• MAROT
• MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century)

Marot, Ambroise See also:

• PARE, AMBROISE (1510-1590)

Pare, See also:

• OLIVIER, JUSTE DANIEL (1807-1876)

Olivier de See also:

• SERRES, OLIVIA (1772-1834)

Serres, See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• PALISSY, BERNARD (1510-1589)

Palissy, the Estiennes, See also:

• HOTMAN, FRANCOIS (1524-1590)

Hotman, Jean de Serres, with the princess Renee of France, Jeanne d'See also:

• ALBRET

Albret, See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise de Coligny . The policy which refused liberty of See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience to the reformers and thus plunged the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country into the horrors of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war came near to causing a national See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe . For more than fifty years the history of the Huguenots is that of France (156o-1629) . Francis II., who succeeded See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. at the age of sixteen, married See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, and See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the domination of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen's uncles, the Guises, who were to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Reform party . The Bourbons, the Montmorencies, the Chatillons, out of hostility to them, became the chiefs of the Huguenots . The See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of Amboise, formed with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of kid-napping the king (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 156o), was discovered, and resulted in the See also:

• DEATH

death of the plotters; it was followed by the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the Edict of See also:

• ROMORANTIN

Romorantin which laid an See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict upon the Protestant See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . But the reformers had become so powerful that Coligny, who was to become their most famous leader, protested in their name against this violation of liberty of See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise party caused the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde to be arrested and condemned to death, but the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was not carried into effect, and at this moment See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici became See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX . She introduced See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian methods of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, alternating between concessions and vigorous persecution, both alike devoid of sincerity . For a moment, at the colloquy of See also:

• POISSY
• POISSY, COLLOQUY OF

Poissy (Oct . 1561), at which Roman Catholic and Protestant divines were assembled together and See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• BEZA (DE BESZE), THEODORE (1519—1605)

Beza played so important a See also:

• PART

part, it seemed as though a modus vivendi would be established .

The See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt failed, but by the edict of January 1562, religious liberty was assured to the Huguenots . This, however, was merely the prelude to civil war, the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for which was given by the Guises, who slaughtered a number of Huguenots assembled for See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in a See also:

• BARN

barn at Vassy (March 1, 1562) . The See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Guise, entering Paris in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, transferred the court to See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau by a daring coup d'etat in See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of the queen regent . It was then that Conde declared " qu'on ne pouvait plus rien esperer que de Dieu et ses armes," and with the Huguenot leaders signed at See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans (See also:

• APRIL

April 11, 1562) the manifesto in which, having declared their See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to the See also:

• CROWN

crown, they stated that as See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and loyal subjects they were driven to take up arms for liberty of conscience on behalf of the persecuted See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints . The first civil war had already broken out; till the end of the century the history of France is that of the struggle between the Huguenots upholding "The Cause" (La Cause) and the Roman Catholics fighting for the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LEAGUE

League (La Sainte Ligue) . The leading events only will be related here (see also FRANCE: History) . The Huguenots lost the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• DREUX

Dreux (Dec . 19, 1562), the duke of Guise was assassinated by See also:

• POLTROT, JEAN DE (c. 1537–1563)

Poltrot de See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere (Feb . 18, 1563) and finally Conde signed the Edict of Amboise which put an end to this first war . But the League gradually extended its See also:

• ACTION

action and Catherine de' Medici entered into negotiations with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The Huguenots, seeing their danger, renewed hostilities, but after their defeat at St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis (Nov. so, 1567) and the revolt of La Rochelle, See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was concluded-at Longjumeau (March 23, 1568) . This truce lasted only a few months .

See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PIUS

Pius V. did not cease to demand the extermination of the heretics, and the queen See also:

• MOTHER

mother finally issued the edict of the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1568, which put the Huguenots outside the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . The Huguenots once more took up arms, but were defeated at See also:

• JARNAC

Jarnac (March 13, 1569), and Conde was taken prisoner and assassinated by Montesquiou . But Jeanne d'Albret renewed the courage of the vanquished by presenting to them her son Henri de See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, the future Henry IV . Coligny, whose heroic courage See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose with adversity, collected the II remnants of the Protestant See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and by a march as able as it was audacious moved on Paris, and the Peace of St Germain was signed on the 8th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1570 . For a moment it seemed reasonable to See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that the war was at an end . Coligny had said that he would prefer to be dragged through the streets of Paris than to recommence the fighting; Charles IX. had realized the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and the patriotism of the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who wished to drive the Spaniards from See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders; Henri de Bourbon was to marry See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite of France . Peace seemed to be assured when on the night of the 24th of August, 1572, after a council at which Catherine de' Medici, Charles IX., the duke of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou and other leaders of the League assisted, there occurred the treacherous Massacre of St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew (q.v.) in which Coligny and all the leading Huguenots were slain . This date marks a disastrous See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the history of France, the long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of triumph of the Catholic reaction, during which the Huguenots had to fight for their very existence . The Paris massacre was repeated throughout France; few were those who were See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble enough to decline to become the executioners of their See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and the Protestants were slain in thousands . The survivors resclved upon a desperate resistance . It was at this time that the Huguenots were driven to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• POLITICAL

political party; otherwise they must, like the Protestants of Spain, have been exterminated . This party was formed at Milhau in 1573, definitely constituted at La Rochelle in 1588, and lasted until the peace of See also:

• ALAIS

Alais in 1629 .

The delegates selected by the churches See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound themselves to offer a See also:

• UNITED

united opposition to the violence of the enemies of See also:

• GOD

God, the king and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . It is a profound See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to attribute to them, as their enemies have done, the intention of overthrowing the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy and substituting a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . They were royalists to the core, as is shown by the sacrifices they made for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of setting Henry IV. on the See also:

• THRONE

throne . It is true, however, that among themselves they formed a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of republic which, according to the historian J . A. de See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

Thou, had its own See also:

• LAWS

laws dealing with civil government, See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, war, See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, See also:

• FINANCE

finance . They had a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president called the See also:

• PROTECTOR

Protector of the Churches, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office held first by Conde and afterwards by the king of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre up to the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on which he became king of France as Henry IV . (1589) . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth religious war, which had broken out immediately after the Massacre of St Bartholomew, was brought to an end by the pacification of See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne (See also:

• JULY

July 16, 1573), which granted a general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, but the obstinate intolerance of the League resulted in the creation of a Catholic party called " See also:

• LES

les Politiques " which refused to submit to their domination and offered aid to the Huguenots against the Guises . The recollections of the horrors of St Bartholomew's night had hastened the death of Charles IX., the last of the See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois; he had been succeeded by the most debauched and effeminate of monarchs, Henry III . Once more war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out . Henry of Guise, " le Balafre," See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the cardinal of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the League, while the duke of Anjou, the king's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, made common cause with the Huguenots . The peace of See also:

• MONSIEUR (Fr., formed from men, my, and sieur, lord)

Monsieur, signed on the 5th of May I576, marked a new victory of liberty of conscience, but its effect was ephemeral; hostilities soon recommenced and lasted for many years, and only became fiercer when the duke of Anjou died on the loth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1584 .

The fact that on the death of Henry III. the crown would pass to Henry of Navarre, the Protector of the'Churches, induced the Guise party to declare that they would never accept a heretical monarchs and, at the instigation of Henry of Guise, Cardinal de Bourbon was nominated by them to succeed . Henry of Navarre since 1575 leader of the Huguenots, had See also:

• YEAR

year by year seen his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence increase, and now, faced by the machinations of the Guises, who had made overtures to Spain, declared that his only object was to See also:

• FREE

free the feeble Henry III. from their influence . On the loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1587 he won the battle of Contras, but on the 28th the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign Protestants who were coming to his aid were routed by Guise at See also:

• MONTARGIS

Montargis . The new See also:

• BODY

body, known as " the Sixteen of Paris," thereupon compelled Henry III. to sign the " Edict of See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union " by which the cardinal of Bourbon was declared See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir presumptive . Theking could not, however, endure the humiliation of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing Henry of Guise described as " king of Paris " and on the 23rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1588 had him murdered together with the cardinal of Lorraine at the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of See also:

• BLOIS

Blois . The League, now led by the duke of See also:

• MAYENNE
• MAYENNE, CHARLES OF LORRAINE

Mayenne, Guise's brother, declared war to the See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife upon him and caused him to be excommunicated . In his See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation Henry III. threw himself into the arms of Henry of Navarre, who saved the royalist party by defeating Mayenne and escorted the king with his victorious army to St . See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud, whence he proposed to enter Paris and destroy the League . But Henry III., on the 1st of August 1589, was assassinated by the monk Jacques See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement, on his deathbed appointing Henry of Navarre as his successor . This only spurred the League to redoubled See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, and Mayenne proclaimed the cardinal of Bourbon king with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Charles X . But Henry IV., who had already promised to maintain the Roman Church, gained new adherents every day, defeated the Leaguers at Arques in 1589, utterly routed Mayenne at Ivry on the 14th of March 1590, and laid See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to Paris . Cardinal de Bourbon having died in the same year and France being in a state of anarchy, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Spain, in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIV., who excommunicated Henry IV., supported the claims of the infanta See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella .

Mayenne, unable to continue the struggle without See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish help, promised to assist him, but Henry neutralized this danger by declaring himself a Roman Catholic at St Denis (July 25, 1593), saying, " Paris after all is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth a mass, in spite of the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and the prayers of my faithful Huguenots." " It is with anguish and grief," writes Beza, " that I think of the fall of this prince in whom so many hopes were placed." On the 22nd of March 1594 Henry entered Paris . The League was utterly defeated . Thus the Huguenots after See also:

• FORTY

forty years of strife obtained by their constancy the promulgation of the Edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes (April 13, 1598), the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of religion and political freedom (see NANTES, EDICT OF) . The Protestants might reasonably hope that Henry IV., in spite of his See also:

• ABJURATION (from Lat. abjurare, to forswear)

abjuration of their faith, would remember the devoted support which they had given him, and that his authority would See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the observance of the provisions of the Edict . Unhappily twelve years afterwards, on the 14th of May 161o, Henry was assassinated by See also:

• RAVAILLAC, FRANCOIS (1578–1610)

Ravaillac, leaving the great See also:

• WORK

work incomplete . Once more France was to undergo the misery of civil war . During the minority of Louis XIII. See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power resided in the hands of counsellors who had not inherited the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of Henry IV. and were only too ready to favour the Catholic party . The Huguenots, realizing that their existence was at stake, once more took up arms in defence of their liberty under the leadership of Henri de See also:

• ROHAN
• ROHAN, HENRI
• ROHAN, LOUIS RENE EDOUARD, CARDINAL DE (1734-1803)

Rohan (q.v.) . Their watchword had always been that, so long as the state was opposed to liberty of conscience, so long there could be no end to religious and civil strife, that misfortune and disaster must attend an See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of which the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign identified himself with a single See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of his people . See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu had entered the king's council on the 4th of May 1624; the destruction of the Huguenots was his policy and he pursued it to a triumphant conclusion . On the 28th of October 1628, La Rochelle, the last stronghold of the Huguenots, was obliged to surrender after a siege rendered famous for all time by the heroism of its defenders and of its See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor . The peace of Alais, which was signed on the 28th of June 1629, marks the end of the civil See also:

• WARS

wars .

The Huguenots had ceased to exist as a political party and, in the assurance that liberty of conscience would be accorded to them, showed themselves loyal subjects . On the death of Louis XIII., the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the 8th of July 1643 had guaranteed to the Protestants "free and unrestricted exercise of their religion," thus confirming the Edict of Nantes . The synods of Charenton (1644) and See also:

• LOUDUN

Loudun (1659) asserted their See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute loyalty to Louis XIV., a loyalty of which the Huguenots had given See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof not only by their entire abstention front the troubles of the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde, but also by their public adherence to the king . The Roman Catholic See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy had never accepted the Edict of Nantes, and all their efforts were directed to obtaining its revocation . As long as See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin was alive the complaints of the clergy were in vain, but when Louis XIV. attained his See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority there commenced a legal persecution which was bound in time to bring about the ruin of the reformed churches . The Edict of Nantes, which was part of the law of the See also:

• LAND

land, might seem to defy all attacks, but the clergy found means to evade the law by demanding that it should be observed with literal accuracy, disregarding the changes which had been produced in France during more than See also:

• HALF

half a century . The clergy in 1661 successfully demanded that commissioners should be sent to the provinces to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report infractions of the Edict, and thus began a judicial war which was to last for more than twenty years . All the churches which had been built since the Edict of Nantes were condemned to be demolished . All the privileges which were not explicitly stated-in the actual See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the Edict were suppressed . More than four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred proclamations, edicts or declarations attacking the Huguenots in their households and their civil freedom, their See also:

• PROPERTY

property and their liberty of conscience were promulgated during the years which preceded the revocation of the Edict of Nantes . In spite of all sufferings which this rigorous legislation inflicted upon them they did not cease to resist, and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to crush this resistance and to compel them to accept the " king's religion," there were organized the terrible dragonnades (1683–1686) which effected the forcible See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of thousands of Protestants who gave way under the tortures which were inflicted upon them . It was then that Louis XIV. declared that " the best of the larger part of our subjects, who formerly held the so-called reformed religion, have embraced the Catholic religion, and therefore the Edict of Nantes has become unnecessary "; on the 18th of October 1685 he pronounced its revocation .

Thus under the influence of the clergy was committed one of the most flagrant political and religious blunders in the history of France, which in the course of a few years lost more than 400,000 of its inhabitants, men who, having to choose between their conscience and their country, endowed the nations which received them with their heroism, their courage and their ability . There is perhaps no example in history of so cruel a persecution as this, which destroyed a church of which Protestant See also:

• EUROPE

Europe was justly proud . At no period in its career had it numbered among its adherents so many men of See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence, See also:

• ABBADIE, ANTOINE THOMSON
• ABBADIE, JAKOB (1654?–1727)

Abbadie, See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude, See also:

• BAYLE, PIERRE (1647-1706)

Bayle, Du See also:

• BOSC, LOUIS AUGUSTIN GUILLAUME (1759-1828)

Bosc, See also:

• JURIEU, PIERRE (1637-1713)

Jurieu, See also:

• ELIE

Elie Benoist, La Placette, See also:

• BASNAGE, JACQUES (1653-1723)

Basnage, Daille, Mestrezat, Du Quesne, See also:

• SCHOMBERG (originally SCHONBERG), FRIEDRICH HERMANN (Or FREDERIC ARMAND), DUKE OF (c. 1615—1690)

Schomberg, See also:

• RUVIGNY, HENRI DE MASSUE, MARQUIS DE

Ruvigny . There were no Huguenots left in France; those who, conquered by persecution, remained there were described as "New Catholics." All the pastors who refused to abjure their faith were compelled to leave the country within fifteen days . The work was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . Protestantism; with its churches and its See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, was destroyed . As Bayle wrote, "France was Catholic to a man under the reign of Louis the Great." Persecution had succeeded in silencing, but it could not convert the people . The Huguenots, before the ruins of their churches, remembered the early Christians and held their services in See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret . Their pastors, making See also:

• LIGHT

light of death, returned from the lands of their See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile and visited their own churches to restore their courage . If any one denied the Catholic faith on his death-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed his body was thrown into the common sewers . The galleys were full of brave Huguenots condemned for remaining See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant to the Protestant faith . For fifteen years the exiles continuously besought Louis XIV. to give them back their religious liberty .

For a moment they hoped that the Treaty of See also:

• RYSWICK, TREATY OF

Ryswick (1697) would realise their hopes, but Louis XIV. steadily declined to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant their See also:

• REQUESTS, COURT OF

requests . Despair armed the See also:

• CEVENNES (Lat. Cebenna or Gebenna)

Cevennes, and in 1702 the war of the See also:

• CAMISARDS (from camisade, obsolete Fr. for " a night attack," from the Ital. camiciata, formed from camicia—Fr. chemise—a shirt, from the fact of a shirt being worn over the armour in order to distinguish friends from foes)

Camisards broke out, a struggle of giants sustained by Jean See also:

• CAVALIER
• CAVALIER, JEAN (1681-1740)

Cavalier with his mountaineers against the royal troops (see CAMISARDS and CAVALIER, JEAN) . The Huguenots seemed to be finally conquered . On the 8th of March 1715 Louis XIV. announced that he had put an end to all exercise of the Protestant religion; but in this very year, on the 21st of August, while the king was dying at See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles, there assembled together at Monoblet in See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc, under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of a See also:

• YOUNG