KARL WILHELM VON See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• KARL WILHELM VON HUMBOLDT (1767-1835)

HUMBOLDT (1767-1835)  , Germap philologist and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the more celebrated See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• POTSDAM

Potsdam, on the 22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1767 . After being educated at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen and See also:

• JENA

Jena, in the last of which places he formed a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and lifelong friendship with See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, he married Fraulein von Dacherode, a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, and in 1802 was appointed by the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government first See also:

• RESIDENT

resident and then See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister plenipotentiary at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . While there he published a poem entitled Rom, which was reprinted in 1824 . This was not, however, the first of his See also:

• LITERARY

literary productions; his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe's See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann and Dorothea, published in 1800, had already placed him in the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of authorities on See also:

• AESTHETICS

aesthetics, and, together with his See also:

• FAMILY

family connexions, had much to do with his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment at Rome; while in the years 1795 and 1797 he had brought out See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of several of the odes of See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar, which were held in high esteem . On quitting his See also:

• POST

post at Rome he was made councillor of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and minister of public instruction . He soon, however, retired to his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate at Tegel, near Berlin, but was recalled and sent as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1812 during the exciting See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period which witnessed the closing struggles of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year, as Prussian plenipotentiary at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, he was mainly instrumental in inducing See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria to unite with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia against See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; in 1815 he was one of the signatories of the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and the same year was occupied in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up the treaty between Prussia and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, by which the territory of the former was largely increased at the expense of the latter . The next year he was at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort settling the future See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, but was summoned to See also:

• LONDON

London in the midst of his See also:

• WORK

work. and in 1818 had to attend the congress at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle . The reactionary policy of the Prussian government made him resign his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of privy councillor and give up See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• LIFE

life in 1819; and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time forward he devoted himself solely to literature and study . During the busiest portion of his political career, however, he had found time for literary work . Thus in 1816 he had published a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• AGAMEMNON

Agamemnon of See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus, .and in 1817 corrections and additions to See also:

• ADELUNG, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (1732-1806)

Adelung's Mithridates, that famous collection of specimens of the various See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and dialects of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Among these additions that on the Basque See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is the longest and most important, Basque having for some time specially attracted his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention .

In fact, Wilhelm von Humboldt may be said to have been the first who brought Basque before the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European philologists, and made a scientific study of it possible . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to gain a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical knowledge of the language and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his investigations into it. he visited the Basque See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country itself, the result of his visit being the valuable " Researches into the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Inhabitants of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain by the help of the Basque language " (Priifung der Untersuchungen fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Urbewohner Flispaniens verntittelst der vaskischen Sprache), published in 1821 . In this work he endeavoured to show, by an examination of See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical names, that a See also:

• RACE

race or races speaking dialects allied to See also:

• MODERN

modern Basque once extended through the whole of Spain, the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of France and the Balearic Islands, and suggested that these See also:

• PEOPLE

people, whom he identified with the See also:

• IBERIANS (Iberi, "I(3r7Aes)

Iberians of classical writers, had come from See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, where the name of See also:

• BERBER

Berber still perhaps perpetuates their old designation . Another work on what has sometimes been termed the See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics of language appeared from his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen in 1828, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Uber den Dualis; but the See also:

• GREAT

great work of his life, on the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Kawi language of See also:

• JAVA

Java, was unfortunately interrupted by his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1835 . The imperfect fragment was edited by his brother and Dr Buschmann in 1836, and contains the remarkable introduction on " The Heterogeneity of Language and its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind " (Uber die Versehiedenheit See also:

• DES

des menschlichen Sprachbaues and ihren Einfluss auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts), which was afterwards edited and defended against See also:

• STEINTHAL, HEYMANN (1823—1899)

Steinthal's criticisms by See also:

• POTT, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1802–1887)
• POTT, PERCIVALL (1714–1788)

Pott (2 vols., 1876) . This essay, which has been called the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• BOOK

book of the See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of speech, first clearly laid down that the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and structure of a language expresses the inner life and knowledge of its speakers, and that languages must differ from one another in the same way and to the same degree as those who use them . Sounds do not become words until a meaning has been put into them, and this meaning embodies the thought of a community . What Humboldt terms the inner See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a language is just that mode of denoting the relations between the parts of a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence which reflects the manner in which a particular See also:

• BODY

body of men regards the world about them . It is the task of the See also:

• MORPHOLOGY, (Gr. yopdsil, form)

morphology of speech to distinguish the carious ways in which languages differ from each other as regardstheir inner form, and to classify and arrange them accordingly . Other linguistic publications of Humboldt, which had appeared in the Transactions of the Berlin See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Royal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Society, or elsewhere, were republished by his brother in the seven volumes of Wilhelm von Humboldt's Gesammelte YPerke (1841-1852) . These volumes also contain poems, essays on aesthetical subjects and other creations of his prolific mind . Perhaps, however, the most generally interesting of his See also:

• WORKS

works, outside those which See also:

• DEAL

deal with language, is his See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Schiller, published in 1830 .

Both poet and philosopher come before us in it in their most genial See also:

• MOOD

mood . For, though Humboldt was primarily a philosopher, he was a philosopher rendered practical by his knowledge of statesmanship and wide experience of life, and endowed with keen sympathies, warm See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination and active See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the method of scientific inquiry . (A . H .