See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE See also:

• DUKE HUNALD

HUNALD  of See also:

• AQUITAINE

AQUITAINE, succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• ODO

Odo, or Eudes, in 735 . He refused to recognize the high authority of the Frankish See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel, whereupon Charles marched See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire, seized See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux and Blaye, but eventually allowed See also:

• HUNALD, DUKE

Hunald to retain Aquitaine on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that he should promise fidelity . From 736 to 741 the relations between Charles and Hunald seem to have remained amicable . But at Charles's See also:

• DEATH

death in 741 Hunald declared See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, crossed the Loire and burned See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres . Menaced by See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin and See also:

• CARLOMAN
• CARLOMAN (751-771)
• CARLOMAN (828-88o)
• CARLOMAN (d. 754)
• CARLOMAN (d. 884)

Carloman, Hunald begged for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace in 745 and retired to a monastery, probably on the Isle of Re . We find him later in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where he allied himself with the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards and was stoned to death . He had See also:

• LEFT

left the duchy of Aquitaine to Waifer, who was probably his son, and who struggled for eight years in defending his See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence against See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Pippin . At the death of Pippin and at the beginning of the reign of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, there was a last rising of the Aquitanians . This revolt was directed by a certain Hunald, and was repressed in 768 by Charlemagne and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Carloman . Hunald sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of the Gascons, See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

Lupus, who handed him over to his enemies . In spite of the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of certain historians, this Hunald seems to have been a different See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person from the old duke of Aquitaine . See J .

Vaissette, Histoire generale de See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc, vol. i . (ed. of 1872 seq.) ; Th . Breysig, H . See also:

• HAHN, AUGUST (1792–1863)

Hahn, L . Oelsner, S . See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel and B . See also:

• SIMSON, MARTIN EDUARD VON (1810-1899)
• SIMSON, ROBERT (1687-1768)

Simson, Jahrbiicher See also:

• DES

des deutschen Reichs . (C . PF.) HU-NAN, a central See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CHINA

China, bounded N. by Hu-peh, E. by Kiang-si, S. by Kwang-si and Kwang-tung, and W. by Kwei-chow and Szech'uen . It occupies an See also:

• AREA

area of 84,000 sq. m., and its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at 22,000,000 . The provincial See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is Chang-sha Fu, in addition to which it has eight prefectural cities . It is essentially a province of hills, the only considerable See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain being that around the Tung-t'See also:

• ING

ing See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, but this extends little beyond the area which in summer forms See also:

• PART

part of the lake .

To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Heng-chow Fu detached See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of higher mountains than are found in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern portion of the province are met with . Among these is the Heng-shan, one of the Wu-yo or five sacred mountains of China, upon which the celebrated tablet of Yu was placed . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of the province are: (1) The Siang-kiang, which takes its rise in the Nan-shan, and empties into the Tung-t'ing lake; it is navigable for a See also:

• GREAT

great distance from its mouth, and the area of its See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin is 39,000 sq. m.; (2) the Tsze-kiang, the basin of which covers an area of Io,000 sq. m., and which is full of rapids and navigable only for the smallest boats; (3) the Yuen-kiang, a large See also:

• RIVER

river, which has some of its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters in the province of Kwei-chow, and empties into the Tung-t'ing lake in the neighbourhood of Chang-te Fu; its basin has an area of 35,000 sq. m., 22,500 of which are in the province of Hu-nan and 12,500 in that of Kwei-chow; its See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation is dangerous, and only small boats are able to pass beyond Hang-kia, a mart about 18o m. above Chang-te Fu; and (4) the See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling-kiang, which flows from the See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Ho-feng Chow to the Tung-t'ing lake . Its basin covers an area of about 8000 sq. m., and it is navigable only in its lowest portion . The principal places of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce are: (I) Siang-t'an, on the Siang-kiang, said to contain 1,000,000 inhabitants, and to extend 3 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by nearly 2 M. deep; (2) Chang-sha Fu, the provincial capital which stands on the same river 6o m. above the treaty See also:

• PORT

port of Yo-chow, and between which mart and Han-kow steamers of 500 tons See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden run; and (3) Chang-te Fu, on the Yuen-kiang . The products of the province are tea (the best quality of which is grown at Gan-hwa and the greatest quantity at Ping-kiang), See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, tea-oil and See also:

• COAL

coal . The whole of the south-eastern portion of the province is one vast coal-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, extending over an area of 21,700 sq. m . This area is divided into nearly two equal parts—one, the Lei river coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, yielding See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite, and the other the Siang river coal-fields, yielding bituminous coal . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people have been, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, more See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign in their ideas, and more generally prosperous than the inhabitants of the other provinces . See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron von See also:

• RICHTHOFEN, FERDINAND, BARON VON (1833-1905)

Richthofen noticed with surprise the number of See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country seats, owned by See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich men who had retired from business, scattered over the rural districts . Almost all the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic is conveyed through Hu-nan by See also:

• WATER

water-ways, which See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead northward to Han-kow on the Yangtsze Kiang, and See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

Fan-See also:

• CHENG

cheng on the Han River, eastward to Fu-kien, southward to Kwang-tung and Kwang-si and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward to Sze-ch'uen . One of the leading features of the province is the Tung-t'ing lake .

Yo Chow, the treaty port of the province, stands at the outlet of the river Siang into this lake .