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See also: AQUITAINE, succeeded his See also: father See also: Odo, or Eudes, in 735
.
He refused to recognize the high authority of the Frankish mayor of the palace, See also: Charles Martel, whereupon Charles marched
See also: south of the See also: Loire, seized See also: Bordeaux and Blaye, but eventually allowed See also: Hunald to retain Aquitaine on condition that he should promise fidelity
.
From 736 to 741 the relations between Charles and Hunald seem to have remained amicable
.
But at Charles's See also: death in 741 Hunald declared war against the Franks, crossed the Loire and burned See also: Chartres
.
Menaced by See also: Pippin and Carloman, Hunald begged for See also: peace in 745 and retired to a monastery, probably on the Isle of Re
.
We find him later in See also: Italy, where he allied himself with the See also: Lombards and was stoned to death
.
He had See also: left the duchy of Aquitaine to Waifer, who was probably his son, and who struggled for eight years in defending his independence against See also: King Pippin
.
At the death of Pippin and at the beginning of the reign of Charlemagne, there was a last rising of the Aquitanians
.
This revolt was directed by a certain Hunald, and was repressed in 768 by Charlemagne and his
See also: brother Carloman
.
Hunald sought See also: refuge with the duke of the Gascons, Lupus, who handed him over to his enemies
.
In spite of the opinion of certain historians, this Hunald seems to have been a different See also: person from the old duke of Aquitaine
.
See J
.
Vaissette, Histoire generale de See also: Languedoc, vol. i
.
(ed. of 1872 seq.) ; Th
.
Breysig, H
.
See also: Hahn, L
.
Oelsner, S
.
See also: Abel and B
.
Simson, Jahrbiicher See also: des deutschen Reichs
.
(C
.
PF.)
HU-NAN, a central province of See also: China, bounded N. by Hu-peh, E. by Kiang-si, S. by Kwang-si and Kwang-tung, and W. by Kwei-chow and Szech'uen
.
It occupies an See also: area of 84,000 sq. m., and its population is estimated at 22,000,000
.
The provincial capital is Chang-sha Fu, in addition to which it has eight prefectural cities
.
It is essentially a province of hills, the only considerable plain being that around the Tung-t'See also: ing lake, but this extends little beyond the area which in summer forms See also: part of the lake
.
To the See also: north of Heng-chow Fu detached See also: groups of higher mountains than are found in the See also: southern portion of the province are met with
.
Among these is the Heng-shan, one of the Wu-yo or five sacred mountains of China, upon which the celebrated tablet of Yu was placed
.
The See also: principal See also: rivers of the province are: (1) The Siang-kiang, which takes its rise in the Nan-shan, and empties into the Tung-t'ing lake; it is navigable for a See also: great distance from its mouth, and the area of its See also: basin is 39,000 sq. m.; (2) the Tsze-kiang, the basin of which covers an area of Io,000 sq. m., and which is full of rapids and navigable only for the smallest boats; (3) the Yuen-kiang, a large See also: river, which has some of its See also: head-See also: waters in the province of Kwei-chow, and empties into the Tung-t'ing lake in the neighbourhood of Chang-te Fu; its basin has an area of 35,000 sq. m., 22,500 of which are in the province of Hu-nan and 12,500 in that of Kwei-chow; its navigation is dangerous, and only small boats are able to pass beyond Hang-kia, a mart about 18o m. above Chang-te Fu; and (4) the See also: Ling-kiang, which flows from the See also: tea See also: district of Ho-feng Chow to the Tung-t'ing lake
.
Its basin covers an area of about 8000 sq. m., and it is navigable only in its lowest portion
.
The principal places of commerce are: (I) Siang-t'an, on the Siang-kiang, said to contain 1,000,000 inhabitants, and to extend 3 M. long by nearly 2 M. deep; (2) Chang-sha Fu, the provincial capital which stands on the same river 6o m. above the treaty See also: port of Yo-chow, and between which mart and Han-kow steamers of 500 tons See also: burden run; and (3) Chang-te Fu, on the Yuen-kiang
.
The products of the province are tea (the best quality of which is grown at Gan-hwa and the greatest quantity at Ping-kiang), See also: hemp, See also: cotton, See also: rice, paper, See also: tobacco, tea-oil and See also: coal
.
The whole of the south-eastern portion of the province is one vast coal-See also: field, extending over an area of 21,700 sq. m
.
This area is divided into nearly two equal parts—one, the Lei river coal-
See also: fields, yielding See also: anthracite, and the other the Siang river coal-fields, yielding bituminous coal
.
The See also: people have been, as a See also: rule, more See also: anti-See also: foreign in their ideas, and more generally prosperous than the
inhabitants of the other provinces
.
Baron von Richthofen noticed with surprise the number of See also: fine country seats, owned by See also: rich men who had retired from business, scattered over the rural districts
.
Almost all the See also: traffic is conveyed through Hu-nan by See also: water-ways, which See also: lead northward to Han-kow on the Yangtsze Kiang, and See also: Fan-See also: cheng on the Han River, eastward to Fu-kien, southward to Kwang-tung and Kwang-si and west-See also: ward to Sze-ch'uen
.
One of the leading features of the province is the Tung-t'ing lake
.
Yo Chow, the treaty port of the province, stands at the outlet of the river Siang into this lake . |
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