See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• JOHN HUNTER (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

HUNTER (1728-1793)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British physiologist and surgeon, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th 1 of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1728, at See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long See also:

• CALDERWOOD, DAVID (1575-1650)
• CALDERWOOD, HENRY (1830-1897)

Calderwood, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• KILBRIDE, WEST

Kilbride, See also:

• LANARKSHIRE

Lanarkshire, being the youngest of the ten See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter . His See also:

• FATHER

father, who died on the 3oth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1741,2 aged 78, was descended from the old See also:

• AYRSHIRE

Ayrshire See also:

• FAMILY

family of Hunter of Hunterston, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was the daughter of a Mr See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, treasurer of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow . Hunter is said to have made little progress at school, being averse to its restraints and pursuits, and fond of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country amusements . When seventeen years old he went to Glasgow, where for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he assisted his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Mr See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan, a cabinetmaker . Being desirous at length of some settled occupation, he obtained from his brother See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William (q.v.) permission to aid, under Mr See also:

• SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (184o-180, English critic and poet, was born at Bristol, on the 5th of October 184o. He was the only son of John Addington Symonds, M.D. (1807—1871)
• SYMONDS, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1818-1887)

Symonds, in making dissections in his anatomical school, then the most celebrated in See also:

• LONDON

London, intending, should he be unsuccessful there, to enter the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . He arrived accordingly in the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1748, about a fortnight before the beginning of his brother's autumnal course of lectures . After succeeding beyond expectation with the See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection of the muscles of an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, he was entrusted with a similar See also:

• PART

part injected, and from the excellence of his second See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay Dr Hunter predicted that he would become a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anatomist . Seemingly John Hunter had hitherto received no instruction in preparation for the See also:

• SPECIAL

special course of See also:

• LIFE

life upon which he had entered . Hard-working, and singularly patient and skilful in dissection, Hunter had by his second See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter in London acquired sufficient anatomical knowledge to be entrusted with the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of his brother's See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical class . In the summer months of 1749-1750, at See also:

• CHELSEA

Chelsea Military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital, he attended the lectures and operations of William See also:

• CHESELDEN, WILLIAM (1688-1752)

Cheselden, on whose retirement in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he became a surgeon's See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil at St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew's, where Percivall See also:

• POTT, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1802–1887)
• POTT, PERCIVALL (1714–1788)

Pott was one of the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior surgeons . In the summer of 1752 he visited See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . See also:

• SIR

Sir Everard See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home and, following him, Drewry Ottley See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that Hunter began in 1754 to assist his brother as his partner in lecturing; according, however, to the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine for 1782, the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of lecturer was offered to Hunter by his brother in 1758, but declined by him on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the " insuperable embarrassments and objections " which he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt to speaking in public .

In 1754 he became a surgeon's pupil at St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's . Hospital, where he was appointed See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-surgeon in 1756.3 During the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his connexion with Dr Hunter's school he, in addition to other labours, solved the problem of the descent of the testis in the foetus, traced the ramifications of the nasal and olfactory nerves within the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, experimentally tested the question whether See also:

• VEINS

veins could See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as absorbents, studied the formation of pus and the nature of the placental circulation, and with his brother earned the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief merit of practically proving the See also:

• FUNCTION

function and importance of the lymphatics in the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• ECONOMY

economy . On the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1755,4 he ' The date is thus entered in the parish See also:

• REGISTER

register, see See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs, Appendix, p . 203 . The Hunterian Oration, instituted in 1813 by Dr See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• BAILLIE, JOANNA (1762-1851)
• BAILLIE, LADY GRIZEL (1665-1746)
• BAILLIE, ROBERT (1602-1662)
• BAILLIE, ROBERT (d. 1684)

Baillie and Sir Everard Home, is delivered at the Royal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Surgeons on the 14th of February, which Hunter used to give as the anniversary of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . " Ottley's date, 1738, is inaccurate, see S . F . See also:

• SIMMONS, EDWARD EMERSON (1852– )

Simmons, Account of . . . IV . Hunter, p . 7 .

Hunter's mother died on the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1751, aged 66 . 3 So in Home's Life, p. xvi., and Ottley's, p . 15 . Hunter himself (See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on the See also:

• BLOOD

Blood, p . 62) mentions the date 1755 . Ottley incorrectly gives 1753 as the date . In the See also:

• BUTTERY (from O. Fr. boterie, Late Lat. botaria, a place where liquor is stored, from butta, a cask)

buttery See also:

• BOOK

book for 1755 at St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall his See also:

• ADMISSION

admission is thus noted: " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Junii 5O° 1755 Admissus est Johannes Hunter superioris ordinis Commen-was induced to enter as a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman commoner at St Mary's Hall, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, but his instincts would not permit him, to use his own expression, " to stuff Latin and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek at the university." Some three and See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years later he thus significantly wrote of an opponent: " See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse See also:

• FOOT

Foot accuses me of not understanding the dead See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; but I could See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach him that on the dead See also:

• BODY

body which he never knew in any See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language dead or living."5 Doubtless, however, linguistic studies would have served to correct in him what was perhaps a natural defect—a difficulty in the presentation of abstract ideas not wholly attributable to the novelty of his doctrines . An attack of inflammation of the lungs in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1759 having produced symptoms threatening See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption, by which the promising medical career of his brother See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James had been cut short, Hunter obtained in October 176o the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff-surgeon in See also:

• HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON (1800-1894)

Hodgson and See also:

• KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS KEPPEL, VISCOUNT (1725-1786)
• KEPPEL, SIR HENRY (1809-1904)

Keppel's expedition to Belleisle . With this he sailed in 1761 . In the following year he served with the See also:

• ENGLISH

English forces on the frontier of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . Whilst with the army he acquired the extensive knowledge of gunshot wounds embodied in his important treatise (1794) 011 that subject, in which, amongst other matters of moment, he insists on the rejection of the indiscriminate practice of dilating with the See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife followed almost universally by surgeons of his time . When not engaged in the active duties of his profession, he occupied himself with physiological and other scientific researches .

Thus, in 1761, off Belleisle, the conditions of the coagulation of the blood were among the subjects of his inquiries.6 Later, on See also:

• LAND

land, he continued the study of human See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy, and arranged his notes and memoranda on inflammation; he also ascertained by experiment that digestion does not take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and lizards during See also:

• HIBERNATION (winter sleep)

hibernation, and observed that enforced vigorous See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement at that See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season proves fatal to such animals, the See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste so occasioned not being compensated, whence he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the inference that, in the diminution of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of a part attendant on See also:

• MORTIFICATION

mortification, resort to stimulants which increase See also:

• ACTION

action without giving real strength is inadvisable,' A MS. See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue by Hunter, probably written soon after his return from Portugal, shows that he had already made a collection of about two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred specimens of natural and morbid structures . On arriving in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1763, Hunter, having retired from the army on See also:

• HALF

half-pay, took a house in See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Square, and began the career of a London surgeon . Most of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan practice at the time was held by P . Pott, C . See also:

• HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY (1798-1884)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR JOHN (1532-1595)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR RICHARD (c. 1562-1622)
• HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789)

Hawkins, See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

Sharp, Joseph See also:

• WARNER, OLIN LEVI (1844-1896)
• WARNER, SETH (1743-1784)
• WARNER, WILLIAM (1558?-16o9)

Warner and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• ADAIR, JOHN (d. 1722)

Adair; and Hunter sought to eke out his at first slender income by teaching practical anatomy and operative See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery to a private class . His leisure was devoted to the study of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative anatomy, to procure subjects for which he obtained the refusal of animals dying in the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower See also:

• MENAGERIE

menagerie and in various travelling zoological collections . In connexion with his rupture of a tendo Achillis,8 in 1767, he performed on See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs several experiments which, with the illustrations in his museum of the See also:

• REUNION

reunion of such structures after See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• MODERN

modern practice of cutting through tendons (tenotomy) for the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of distorted and contracted See also:

• JOINTS

joints . In the same year he was elected F.R.S . His first contribution to the Philosophical Transactions, with the salis." Hunter apparently See also:

• LEFT

left Oxford after less than two months' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, as the last entry in the buttery book with charges for battels against his name is on See also:

• JULY

July 25, 1755 . His name was, how-ever, retained on the books of the Hall till See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to, Ii56 . The See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of Hunter's matriculation runs: " Ter° Trin . 1755.--Junii 5to Aul .

S . See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar . Johannes Hunter 24 Johannis de Kilbride in Cora . Clidesdale Scotiae Arm . 61." 5 Ottley, Life of J . Hunter, p . 22 . 8 Treatise on the Blood, p.21 . See Adams, Memoirs, pp . 32, 33 . Cf . Hunter's Treatise on the Blood, p .

8, and See also:

• WORKS

Works, ed . See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer, i . 6o4.-On the employment of Hunter's See also:

• TERM

term " increased action " with respect to inflammation, see Sir James See also:

• PAGET, SIR JAMES, BART

Paget, Lect. on Surg . Path., 3rd ed., p . 32I sqq . 8 According to Hunter, as quoted in Palmer's edition of his lectures, p . 437, the See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident was " after dancing, and after a violent See also:

• FIT

fit of the See also:

• CRAMP
• CRAMP, CHARLES HENRY (1828— )

cramp "; W . Clift, however, who says he probably never danced, believed that he met with the accident " in getting up from the dissecting table after being cramped by long sitting " (see W . See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt . Orat., 1834, p . 64) . exception of a supplement to a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by J .

See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis in the See also:

• VOLUME

volume for 1766, was an essay on See also:

• POST

post-mortem digestion of the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, written at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Sir J . See also:

• PRINGLE, SIR JOHN (1707–1782)

Pringle, and read on the 18th of June 1772, in which he explained that phenomenon as a result of the action of the gastric juice.' On the 9th of December 1768 he was elected a surgeon to St George's Hospital, and, soon after, a member of the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation of Surgeons . He now began to take house-pupils . Among these were See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• JENNER, EDWARD (1749-1823)
• JENNER, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Jenner, who came to him in 1770, and until the time of Hunter's See also:

• DEATH

death corresponded with him on the most intimate and affectionate terms, W . See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy, Dr P . S . Physick of See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, and Everard Home, his brother-in-law . William See also:

• LYNN

Lynn and Sir A . See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle, though not inmates of his house, were frequent visitors there . His pupils at St George's included John See also:

• ABERNETHY, JOHN (1680-,74o)
• ABERNETHY, JOHN (1764-1831)

Abernethy, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Cline, James See also:

• EARLE, JOHN (c. 16o1-1665)
• EARLE, RALPH (1751-1801)

Earle and See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper . In 1770 he settled in Jermyn See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, in the house which his brother William had previously occupied; and in July 1771 he married See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, the eldest daughter of Robert Home, surgeon to See also:

• BURGOYNE, JOHN (1722-1792)
• BURGOYNE, SIR JOHN FOX

Burgoyne's See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse .2 From 1772 till his death Hunter resided during autumn at a house built by him at See also:

• EARL

Earl's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court, See also:

• BROMPTON

Brompton, where most of his biological researches were carried on . There he kept for the purpose of study and experiment the fishes, lizards, blackbirds, hedgehogs and other animals sent him from time to time by Jenner; tame pheasants and partridges, at least one See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, toads, silkworms, and many more creatures, obtained from every See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the globe .

Bees he had under observation in his conservatory for upwards of twenty years; hornets and wasps were also diligently studied by him . On two occasions his life was in See also:

• RISK

risk from his pets—once in See also:

• WRESTLING (O. Eng. wrcestlian)

wrestling with a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull, and again when he fearlessly took back to their See also:

• DENS, PETER (1690-1775)

dens two leopards which had broken loose among his dogs . Choosing intuitively the only true method of philosophical See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, Hunter, ever cautious of confounding fact and See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, besought of nature the truth through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of manifold experiments and observations . " He had never read See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon," says G . G . See also:

• BABINGTON, ANTHONY (1561–1586)
• BABINGTON, CHURCHILL (1821-1889)

Babington, " but his mode of studying nature was as strictly Baconian as if he had."3 To Jenner, who had offered a conjectural explanation of a phenomenon, he writes, on the 2nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1775: " I think your See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution is just; but why think? why not try the experiment ? Repeat all the experiments upon a See also:

• HEDGEHOG, or URCHIN

hedgehog' as soon as you receive this, and they will give you the solution." It was his See also:

• AXIOM (Gr. &iwµa)

axiom however, " that experiments should not be often repeated which tend merely to establish a principle already known and admitted, but that the next step should be the application of that principle to useful purposes " (" Anim . Oecon.," Works, iv . 86) . During ' The subjects and See also:

• DATES

dates of his subsequent papers in the Trans-actions, the titles of which give little notion of the richness of their contents, are as follows: The See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo (1773); See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-receptacles in birds, and the Gillaroo See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout (1i74); the Gymnotus electricus, and the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat by animals and vegetables (supplemented in 1777), (1i75); the recovery of See also:

• PEOPLE

people apparently drowned (1776); the See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

martin (1779); the communication of smallpox to the foetus in utero, and the occurrence of male plumage in old See also:

• HEN

hen pheasants (178o); the See also:

• ORGAN

organ of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing in fishes (1782); the anatomy of a " new marine animal " described by Home (1785) ; the specific identity of the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal and See also:

• DOG

dog (supplemented in 1789), the effect on fertility of extirpation of one ovarium, and the structure and economy of whales (1787); observations on bees (1793); and some remarkable caves in See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth and fossil bones found therein (1794) . With these may be included a paper by Home, from materials supplied by Hunter, on certain horny excrescences of the human body . 2 Mrs Hunter died on the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1821, in Holies Street, See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish Square, London, in her seventy-ninth year .

She was a handsome and accomplished woman, and well fulfilled the social duties of her position . The words for See also:

• HAYDN, FRANZ JOSEPH (1732–1809)

Haydn's English canzonets were supplied by her, and were mostly See also:

• ORIGINAL

original poems; of these the lines beginning " My mother bids me bind my See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair " are, from the beauty of the accompanying See also:

• MUSIC

music, among the best known . (See R . See also:

• NARES, SIR GEORGE STRONG (1831– )

Nares in Gent . Mag. xci. pt . 1, p . 89, quoted in See also:

• NICHOLS, JOHN (1745–1826)

Nichols's Lit . Anec., 2nd See also:

• SER

ser., vii . 638.) Hunt . Orat., 1842, p . 15 . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of this animal during hibernation was a subject of special See also:

• INTEREST

interest to Hunter, who thus introduces it, even in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of condolence to Jenner in 1778 on a disappointment in love: " But let her go, never mind her .

I shall employ you with hedgehogs, for I do not know how far I may See also:

• TRUST

trust mine."fifteen years he kept a See also:

• FLOCK

flock of geese simply in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to acquaint himself with the development of birds in eggs, with reference to which he remarked: " It would almost appear that this mode of See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation was intended for investigation." In his toxicological and other researches, in which his experience had led him to believe that the effects of noxious drugs are nearly similar in the See also:

• BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute creation and in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, he had already, in 1780, as he states, " poisoned some thousands of animals." 5 By inserting shot at definite distances in the See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg-bones of young pigs, and also by feeding them with See also:

• MADDER

madder, by which all fresh osseous deposits are tinged,s Hunter obtained See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that bones increase in See also:

• SIZE

size, not by the intercalation of new amongst old particles, as had been imagined by H.L . See also:

• DUHAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE (1624-1706)

Duhamel du Monceau, but by means of additions to their extremities and circumference, excess of calcareous See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue being removed by the absorbents . Some of his most extraordinary experiments were to illustrate the relation of the strength of constitution to See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . He exchanged the spurs of a young See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock and a young pullet, and found that on the former the transplanted structure See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew to a See also:

• FAIR

fair size, on the latter but little; whereas a See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur from one leg of a cock transferred to its See also:

• COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb, a part well supplied with blood, grew more than twice as fast as that left on the other leg . Another experiment of his, which required many trials for success, was the engrafting of a human incisor on the comb of a cock.' The uniting of parts of different animals when brought into contact he attributed to the production of adhesive instead of suppurative inflammation, owing to their See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of " the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple living principle." 5 The effects of See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit upon structure were illustrated by Hunter's observation that in a See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• GULL (Welsh gwylan, Breton, goelann, whence Fr. goeland)
• GULL, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY

gull which he had brought to feed on See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley the See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular parietes of the gizzard became greatly thickened .. A similar phenomenon was noticed by him in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of other carnivorous birds fed on a See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• DIET

diet . It was in 1772 that Hunter, in order effectually to See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge the extent of his own knowledge, and also correctly to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express his views, which had been repeatedly misstated or ascribed to others, began his lectures on the theory and practice of surgery, at first delivered free to his pupils and a few See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, but subsequent to 1774 on the usual terms, four guineas . Though Pott, indeed, had perceived that the only true See also:

• SYSTEM

system of surgery is that which most closely accords with the curative efforts of nature, a rational See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology can hardly be said to have had at this time any existence; and it was generally assumed that a knowledge of anatomy alone was a sufficient foundation for the study of surgery . Hunter, unlike his contemporaries, to most of whom his philosophic habit of thought was a See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery, and whose books contained little else than relations of cases and modes of treatment, sought the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for each phenomenon that came under his See also:

• NOTICE

notice . The principles of surgery, he maintained, are not less necessary to be understood than the principles of other sciences; unless, indeed, the surgeon should wish to resemble " the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese philosopher whose knowledge consisted only in facts." Too much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, he remarked, cannot be paid to facts; yet a multitude of facts overcrowd the memory without See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage if they do not See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead us to establish principles, by an acquaintance with which we learn the causes of diseases . Hunter's course, which latterly comprised eighty-six lectures, delivered on alternate evenings between the See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of seven and eight, lasted from October to See also:

• APRIL

April . Some teachers of his time were content to dismiss the subjects of anatomy and surgery in a course of only six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' duration .

His class was usually small and never exceeded thirty . He was deficient in the gifts of a good extempore See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker, being in this respect a remarkable contrast to his brother William; and he read his lectures, seldom raising his eyes from the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript . His manner with his 5 See his evidence at the trial of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Donellan, Works, i . 195 . 6 On the discovery of the See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing of bones by madder, see Belchier, Phil . Trans., vol. xxxix., 1736, pp . 287 and 299 . Essays and Observations, i . 55, 56 . " May we not claim for him," says Sir Wm . See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson, with reference to these experiments, " that he anticipated by a hundred years the scientific data on which the See also:

• PRESENT

present system of human grafting is conducted ? " (Hunt .

Orat., 1871, p . 17) . 6 Essays and Observations, i . 115; cf . Works, i . 391 . auditory is stated to have been embarrassed and awkward, or, as Adams puts it (Obs. on Morbid Pois., p . 272), " frequently ungraceful," and his language always unadorned; but that his " expressions for the explaining of his new theories rendered his lectures often unintelligible " is scarcely evident in his pupils' notes still extant . His own and others' errors and fallacies were exposed with equal freedom in his teaching . Occasionally he would tell his pupils, " You had better not write down that observation, for very likely I shall think differently next year "; and once in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to a question he replied, " Never ask me what I have said or what I have written; but, if you will ask me what my present opinions are, I will tell you." In January 1776 Hunter was appointed surgeon-extraordinary to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . He began in the same year his Croonian lectures on muscular See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, continued annually, except in 1777, till 1782: they were never published by him, being in his See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion too incomplete . In 1778 appeared the second part of his Treatise on the Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Human See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

Teeth, the first part of which was published in 1771 .

It was in the waste of the dental alveoli and of the fangs of shedding teeth that in 1754–1755, as he tells us. he received his first hint of the use of the absorbents. ahernethy (Physiological Lectures, p . 196) relates that Hunter, icing once asked how he could suppose it possible for absorbents o do such things as he attributed to them, replied, " See also:

• NAY, or NEY

Nay, I know not, unless they possess See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers similar to those which a See also:

• CATERPILLAR

caterpillar exerts when feeding on a See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf." Hunter in 178o read before the Royal Society a paper in which he laid claim to have been the first to make out the nature of the utero-placental (irculation . His brother William, who had five years previously described the same in his Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus, there-upon wrote to the Society attributing to himself this See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . John Hunter in a rejoinder to his brother's letter, dated the 17th of February 1780, reiterated his former statement, viz. that his discovery, on the evening of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in 1754 that he had made it in a specimen injected by a Dr See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, had been communicated by him to Dr Hunter . Thus arose an estrangement between the two Hunters, which continued until the time of William's last illness, when his brother obtained permission to visit him . In 1783 Hunter was elected a member of the Royal Society of See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine and of the Royal See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Surgery at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)