See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CHARLES HUTTON (1737-1823)
• HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797)
• HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897)

HUTTON (1737-1823)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle-on-See also:

• TYNE

Tyne on the 14th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1737 . He was educated in a school at Jesmond, kept by Mr Ivison, a clergyman of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . There is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe, on the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of two pay-bills, that for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in 1755 and 1756 See also:

• HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823)
• HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797)
• HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897)

Hutton worked in Old See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton colliery; at any See also:

• RATE

rate, on Ivison's promotion to a living, Hutton succeeded to the Jesmond school, whence, in consequence of increasing pupils, he removed to Stote's See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall . While he taught during the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day at Stote's Hall, he studied See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in the evening at a school in Newcastle . In 176o he married, and began tuition on a larger See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale in Newcastle, where he had among his pupils See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ELDON, JOHN SCOTT

Eldon, See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of England . In 1764 he published his first See also:

• WORK

work, The Schoolmaster's See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide, or a See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete See also:

• SYSTEM

System of See also:

• PRACTICAL

Practical See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

Arithmetic, which in 1770 was followed by his See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on See also:

• MENSURATION (Lat. mensura, a measure)

Mensuration both in Theory and Practice . In 1772 appeared a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on The Principles of See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

Bridges, suggested by the destruction of Newcastle See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge by a high See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood on the 17th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1771 . In 1773 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of mathematics at the Royal Military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he was elected F.R.S. and reported on Nevil See also:

• MASKELYNE, NEVIL (1732-1811)

Maskelyne's determination of the mean See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density and See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth from measurements taken in 1774—1776 at See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Schiehallion in See also:

• PERTHSHIRE

Perthshire . This See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account appeared in the Philosophical Transactions for 1778, was afterwards reprinted in the second See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his Tracts on Mathematical and Philosophical Subjects, and procured for Hutton the degree of LL.D. from the university of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh . He was elected See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign secretary to the Royal Society in 1779, but his resignation in 1783 was brought about by the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks, whose behaviour to the mathematical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the society was somewhat high-handed (see See also:

• KIPPIS, ANDREW (1725–1795)

Kippis's Observations on the See also:

• LATE

late Contests in the Royal Society, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1784) . After his Tables of the Products and See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers, 1781, and his Mathematical Tables, 1785, he issued, for the use of the Royal Military Academy, in 1787 Elements of Conic Sections, and in 1798 his Course of Mathematics . His Mathematical and Philosophical See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, a valuable contribution to scientific See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, was published in 1795 (2nd ed., 1815), and the four volumes of Recreations in Mathematics and Natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy, mostly a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, in 1803 .

One of the most laborious of his See also:

• WORKS

works was the abridgment, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with G . See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw and R . See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson, of the Philosophical Transactions . This under-taking, the mathematical and scientific parts of which See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell.to Hutton's See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share, was completed in 1809, and filled eighteen volumes See also:

• QUARTO

quarto . His name first appears in the Ladies' See also:

• DIARY

Diary (a poetical and mathematical See also:

• ALMANAC

almanac which was begun in 1704, and lasted till 1871) in 1764; ten years later he was appointed editor of the almanac, a See also:

• POST

post which he retained till 1817 . Previously he had begun a small periodical, Miscellanea Mathematica, which extended only to thirteen numbers; subsequently he published in five volumes The Diarian See also:

• MISCELLANY

Miscellany, which contained large extracts from the Diary . He resigned his professorship in 1807, and died on the 27th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1823 . See John See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Hutton (Newcastle, 1823) . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief works were his Ars versificandi (1511); the Nemo (1518); a work on the 1llorbus Gallicus (1519) ; the volume of Steckelberg complaints against See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich (including his four Ciceronian Orations, his Letters and the Phalarismus) also in 1519; the Vadismus (1520); and the controversy with See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus at the end of his See also:

• LIFE

life . Besides these were many admirable poems in Latin and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . It is not known with certainty how far See also:

• HUTTEN, PHILIPP VON (c. 1511—1546)
• HUTTEN, ULRICH VON (1488—1523)

Hutten was the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of the celebrated Epistolae obscurorum virorum, that famous See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on monastic See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance as represented by the theologians of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne with which the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of See also:

• REUCHLIN, JOHANN (1455–1522)

Reuchlin defended him . At first the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister-See also:

• WORLD

world, not discerning its See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony, welcomed the work as a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of their position; though their eyes were soon opened by the favour with which the learned world received it .

The Epistolae were eagerly bought up; the first See also:

• PART

part (41 letters) appeared at the end of 1515; See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1516 there was a second edition; later in 1516 a third, with an appendix of seven letters; in 1517 appeared the second part (62 letters), to which a fresh appendix of eight letters was subjoined soon after . In 1909 the Latin See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the Epistolae with an English translation was published by F . G . See also:

• STOKES, SIR G
• STOKES, SIR GEORGE GABRIEL, BART
• STOKES, WHITLEY (1830-1909)

Stokes . Hutten, in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter addressed to See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• CROCUS

Crocus, denied that he was the author of the See also:

• BOOK

book, but there is no doubt as to his connexion with it . Erasmus was of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that there were three authors, of whom Crotus Rubianus was the originator of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, and Hutten a chief contributor . 1) . F . See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss, who dedicates to the subject a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of his admirable work on flatten, concludes that he had no share in the first part, but that his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand is clearly visible in the second part, which he attributes in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main to him . To him is due the more serious and severe See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of that See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter portion of the satire . See W . Brecht, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Verfasser der Epistolae obscurorum virorum (1904) .

For a complete See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of the writings of Hutten, see E . Bocking's See also:

• INDEX

Index Bibliographicus Huttenianus (1858) . Bocking is also the editor of the complete edition of Hutten's works (7 vols., 1859-1862) . A selection of Hutten's German writings, edited by G . Balke, appeared in 1891 . Cp . S . Szamatolski, Huttens deutsche Schriften (1891) . The best biography (though it is also somewhat of a See also:

• POLITICAL

political pamphlet) is that of D . F . Strauss (Ulrich von Hutten, 1857; 4th ed., 1878; English translation by G . See also:

• STURGE, JOSEPH (1793-1859)

Sturge, 1874), with which may be compared the older monographs by A .

Wagenseil (1823), A . Biirck (1846) and J . See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1849) . See also J . Deckert, Ulrich von Hutten Leben and YVirken . Eine historische Skizze (1901) . (G . W .