HYDROCHARIDEAE  , in See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, a natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of Mono- cotyledons, belonging to the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series Helobieae . They are See also:

• WATER

water- See also:

• PLANTS

plants, represented in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain by See also:

• FROG

frog-See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit (Hydrocharis Morsus- ranae) and water-soldier (Stratiotes alaides) . The order contains about fifty See also:

• SPECIES

species in fifteen genera, twelve of which occur in fresh water while three are marine: and includes both floating and submerged forms . Hydrocharis floats on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of still water, andhas rosettes of See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney-shaped leaves, from among which See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower-stalks; stolons bearing new See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf- rosettes are sent out on all sides, the plant thus propagating itself in the same way as the See also:

• STRAWBERRY (Fragaria)

strawberry . Straliotes abides has a rosette of stiff See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword- like leaves, which when the plant is in flower project above the surface; it is , also stoloniferous, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young rosettes sinking to. the bottom at the beginning of See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and rising again to the surface in the spring . Vallisneria (See also:

• EEL

eel-grass) contains two species, one native of tropical ,See also:

• ASIA

Asia, the other . in- habiting the warmer parts of both hemi- See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres and reaching as far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north as See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south Frog-bit—male plant. the mud at the bottom I, See also:

• FEMALE

Female flower. of fresh water, and the 2, Stamens, enlarged. See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem bears a 3, Barren See also:

• PISTIL

pistil of male flower, enlarged. cluster of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 4, Pistil of female flower. g, narrow 5, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

Fruit. grass-like. leaves; new 6, Fruit cut transversely. plants are formed at 7, mod' the end of See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal 8, 9, Floral diagrams of male and female See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers respectively. runners . Another type s, Rudimentary stamens. is represented by Elodea canadensis or water-See also:

• THYME

thyme,which has been introduced into the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles from North See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is a small, submerged plant with long, slender branching stems bearing whorls of narrow toothed leaves; the flowers appear at the surface when mature . Halophila, Enhalus and Thalassic are submerged maritime plants found on tropical coasts, mainly in the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and Pacific oceans; Halophila has an elongated stem rooting,at the nodes; Enhalus a short, thick rhizome, clothed with See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black threads resembling See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, the persistent hard-bast strands of the leaves; Thalassic has a creeping rooting stem with upright branches bearing crowded strap-shaped leaves in two rows . The flowers spring from, or are enclosed in, a spathe, and are unisexual and See also:

• REGULAR

regular, with generally a calyx and corolla, each of three members; the stamens are in whorls of three, the inner whorls are often barren; the two to fifteen carpels See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an inferior ovary containing generally numerous ovules on often large, produced, parietal placentas . The fruit is leathery or fleshy, opening irregularly . The seeds contain a large embryo and no endosperm .

In Hydrocharis (fig . I), which is dioecious, the flowers are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne above the surface of the water, have conspicuous See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white petals, contain See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey and are pollinated by in-sects . Stralioles has similar flowers which come above the surface only for See also:

• POLLINATION

pollination, becoming sub-merged again during ripening of the fruit . In Vallisneria (fig . 2), which is also dioecious, the small male flowers are borne in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in short-stalked spathes; the petals are See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute and See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale-like, and only two of the three stamens are !fer- FIG. z.—Vallisneria spiralis—Eel grass--See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile; the flowers about i natural See also:

• SIZE

size . A, Female plant; B, become detached Male plant . before opening and rise to the surface, where the sepals expand and form a See also:

• FLOAT (in O. Eng. floc and flota, in the verbal form f eotan; the Teutonic root is flut-, another form of flu-, seen in " flow," cf. " fleet "; the root is seen in Gr. a-M e, to sail, Lat. pluere, to rain; the Lat, fluere and fluctus, wave, is not connect

float bearing the two projecting semi-erect stamens . The female flowers are solitary and are raised to the surface on. a long, See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral See also:

• STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

stall:; the ovary bears three broad styles, on, which some of the large, sticl.•y See also:

• POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen-grains from the Iloatmg male floc: ers get de-posited (fig . 3) . After pollination the female flower becomes See also:

• DRAWN

drawn below the surface by the spiral See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

traction of the long stalk, and the fruit ripens near the bottom . Elodea has poly- FIG . 3 .

gamo.us flowers (that is, male, female and hermaphrodite), solitary, in slender, tubular spathes; the male flowers become detached and rise to the surface; the See also:

• FEMALES

females are raised to the surface when mature, and receive the floating pollen from the male . The flowers of Halophila are submerged and apetalous . The order is a widely distributed one; the marine forms are tropical or subtropical, but the fresh-water genera occur also in the temperate zones .